Papel de la impresión 3D para la protección de los profesionales del área quirúrgica y críticos en la pandemia de COVID-19

Background and objectiveThere is a shortage of supplies for the protection of professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. 3D printing offers the possibility to compensate for the production of some of the equipment needed. The objective is to describe the role of 3D printing in a health service during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on the process to develop a final product ready to be implemented in the clinical environment.MethodsA working group was formed between the healthcare administration, clinicians and other public and private institutions in Cantabria, Spain coordinated by the Valdecilla Virtual Hospital. The process included receiving the printing proposals, learning about the printing resources in the region, selecting the devices, creating a team for each project, prototyping, evaluation and redesign, manufacturing, assembly and distribution.ResultsThe following supplies are produced: 1) devices that help protect providers: face protection screens (2,400 units), personalized accessories for photophores (20 units) and ear-protection forks for face-masks (1,200 units); 2) products related to the ventilation of infected patients: connectors for non-invasive ventilation systems; and 3) oral and nasopharyngeal swabs (7,500 units) for the identification of coronavirus carriers with the aim of designing action protocols in clinical areas.Conclusions3D printing is a valid resource for the production of protective material for professionals whose supply is reduced during a pandemic.     

Adapting in the COVID-19 Era

How to cite this article: Papathanakos G, Andrianopoulos I, Papathanasiou A, Lepida D, Koulouras V. Adapting in the COVID-19 Era. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(12):1286–1287.     

术前面罩预适应不同实施者对患儿术前焦虑的影响

目的探讨术前面罩预适应对降低患儿术前焦虑的作用,并比较不同实施者的影响。方法纳入全麻下行腹腔镜疝囊修补或鞘状突高位结扎手术患儿105例,男81例,女24例,年龄2～7岁,BMI 18～23 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。患儿随机分为三组:术前1 d由父母对患儿实施面罩预适应组(P组,n=37),术前1 d由麻醉科医师对患儿实施面罩预适应组(A组,n=35),不实施面罩预适应组(C组,n=33)。采用改良耶鲁焦虑量表(mYPAS)分别于进入等待区(T_0)、与父母分离进入手术室时(T_1)、麻醉诱导时(T_2)、麻醉苏醒时(T_3)评估患儿焦虑程度,T_2时采用诱导合作量表(ICC)和面罩接受度评分(MAS)评估患儿诱导时的依从性。结果与T_0时比较,T_1时三组mYPAS评分均明显升高(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,T_2时三组mYPAS评分明显升高(P0.05)。与T_2时比较,T_3时三组mYPAS评分明显降低(P0.05)。T_1—T_3时P组和A组mYPAS评分明显低于C组(P0.05),T_2时P组mYPAS评分明显低于A组(P0.05)。T_2时P组和A组ICC评分明显低于C组,且P组明显低于A组[P组(3.6±1.6)分,A组(4.6±1.8)分,C组(5.5±1.8)分,P0.05]。T_2时P组和A组MAS评分明显高于C组[P组(2.7±0.9)分,A组(2.8±0.8)分,C组(2.0±0.8)分,P0.05],而P组和A组差异无统计学意义。结论面罩预适应能有效降低患儿术前焦虑,由父母术前1 d实施更能有效减轻患儿诱导时焦虑。     

Public Awareness and Mask Usage during the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Survey by China CDC New Media

An online survey conducted March 18–19, 2020 on the official China CDC WeChat account platform was used to evaluate the effect of public education about masks usage during the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Chinese nationals older than 18 were eligible for the survey. The survey collected 5,761 questionnaires from the 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of mainland China. 99.7% and 97.2% of the respondents answered correctly that respiratory droplets and direct contact were the main transmission routes. 73.3% of the respondents considered COVID-19 to be ‘serious’ or ‘very serious’. When going to the hospital, 96.9% (2,885/2,976 had gone to a hospital) used a mask during the COVID-19 epidemic, while 41.1% (2,367/5,761) did not use a mask before the epidemic. Among the respondents that used public transportation and went shopping, 99.6% and 99.4%, respectively, wore masks. Among respondents who returned to work, 75.5% wore a mask at the workplace, while 86.3% of those who have not returned to work will choose to use masks when they return to the workplace. The Chinese public is highly likely to use a mask during COVID-19 epidemic, and the mask usage changed greatly since the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, public education has played an important role during the COVID-19 epidemic.     

The laryngeal mask airway in emergency medicine

The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is an upper airway adjunct lying intermediate in function between the endotracheal tube and the oropharyngeal airway. It has gained wide acceptance since its introduction into United Kingdom anaesthetic practice in 1988. We review the principles of advanced airway management in the emergency department and examine the application of the LMA to this area. We conclude that the LMA may have a small role in pre-hospital and CPR airway management, and a very significant role in the management of difficult or failed endotracheal intubation.     

鼻咽通气道复合面罩通气与喉罩通气在短小日间手术中的应用比较

目的 比较鼻咽通气道复合面罩通气与喉罩通气下静吸复合全麻在短小日间手术中的应用效果.方法 选择估计1h内的日间手术患者90例,随机均分为鼻咽通气道复合面罩组(面罩组)和喉罩组.记录诱导前(T0)、插入鼻咽通气道或喉罩前1 min(T1)、插入鼻咽通气道或喉罩即刻(T2)、切皮时(T3)、拔出鼻咽通气道或喉罩前1 min(T4)、拔出鼻咽通气道或喉罩即刻(T5) MAP、HR、PET CO2、SpO2、RR和VT;记录插入喉罩或鼻咽通气道的时间和一次成功率;记录清醒时间和离院时间,从麻醉开始至拔出鼻咽通气道或喉罩时出现体动、呼吸道梗阻、反流误吸以及术后出现咽痛、吞咽困难和声音嘶哑的患者例数.结果 两组患者诱导后均能较好的保留自主呼吸,维持稳定的RR、VT和PETCO2,T2、T5时喉罩组MAP明显高于、HR明显快于面罩组(P＜0.05),插入鼻咽通气道时间明显短于插入喉罩的时间(P＜0.05),一次性插入鼻咽通气道的成功率高于一次性插入喉罩的成功率(P＜0.05),术中和术后不良反应喉罩组高于面罩组(P＜0.05).结论 鼻咽通气道复合面罩通气下静吸复合全麻用于短小日间手术能够维持循环和呼吸的稳定,苏醒迅速,在日间手术中是一种安全有效的麻醉方法.     

面罩机械通气治疗急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭18例临床分析

目的　分析面罩机械通气 (MMV)治疗急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法　对 18例急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者采用同步间歇性指令通气 (SIMV) +压力支持通气 (PSV ) +呼气末正压通气(PEEP)或PSV +PEEP通气方式进行面罩机械通气 ,并观测通气前后动脉血气变化。结果　通气治疗前后动脉血气比较 ,通气后pH、PO2 和SaO2 明显回升 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ,PCO2 明显回降(P <0 .0 1)。 18例患者中 ,12例好转出院 ,6例因通气失败死亡。结论　面罩机械通气是治疗急性Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的重要手段之一。