Correlation analysis of intestinal flora and pathological process of type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveTo observe the relationship between the different stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the intestinal flora and verify its underlying mechanism.MethodsT2DM rats were generated by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The rats were divided into four groups: the control group (fed with normal feed for 1 month), the HFD group (fed with HFD for 1 month), the T2DM group (HFD combined with STZ and blood glucose ≥11.1 mM), and the unformed T2DM model (Un-mod) group (HFD combined with STZ and blood glucose <11.1 mM). Feces were collected, and bacterial communities in the fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces was measured by gas chromatography. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and GPR43.ResultsAt different stages of T2DM, the intestinal flora and SCFAs content of rats were significantly decreased (all P < .05). Our results indicated that g__Prevotella had a significant negative correlation, and g__Ruminococcus_torques_group and g__lachnoclastic had a significant positive correlation with blood glucose. The content of SCFAs, in particular acetate and butyrate, in rat feces of different stages of T2DM were significantly reduced, as well as GPR41 and GPR43 expression. The results in the Un-mod group were similar to the T2DM group, and the expression of GPR41 and GPR43 proteins were significantly higher than those in the T2DM group (both P < .001).ConclusionThe intestinal flora–SCFAs–GPR41/GPR43 network may be important in the development of T2DM. Decreasing blood glucose levels by regulating the intestinal flora may become a new therapeutic strategy for T2DM, which has very important clinical and social values.     

基于肠道菌群稳态探析龟鹿二仙胶治疗少弱精子症思路＊

肠道菌群的稳态、与人体阴阳平衡、脾肾功能密切相关，且与正常精子的发生有着密切关联。本文从肠道菌群稳态角度对龟鹿二仙胶治疗少弱精子症进行方药探析，认为龟鹿二仙胶通过调节人体肠道菌群稳态平衡阴阳，从而达到改善少弱精子症作用，为进一步研究龟鹿二仙胶对肠道菌群的影响以及与精液质量的关系提供理论依据。     

高血压与肠道菌群及其代谢物的相关性研究

肠道菌群在人体形成一个庞大而复杂的微生态系统，有重要的生理意义，参与人体的能量代谢、免疫调节等，肠道菌群及其代谢物在多种疾病的发生、发展中起着重要的作用。我国人群50年来高血压患病率呈明显上升趋势，目前我国约有2亿高血压患者，每10个成年人中有2人患高血压[1]。而在高血压的发生、发展过程中，肠道菌群及其代谢物起着重要作用。本文就高血压与肠道菌群及其代谢物的相关性研究做一综述。     

Low-molecular-weight chitosan relieves enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced growth retardation in weaned pigs

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWC) on the growth performance, immune responses and intestinal health of weaned pigs challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 32 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to four treatments: non-challenged (fed with basal diet), ETEC-challenged (fed with basal diet) and ETEC-challenged plus 50 or 100 mg/kg LMWC supplementation, respectively. After 11 days feeding, the non-challenged pigs were infused with sterilised Luria–Bertani culture, while the remaining pigs were infused with 2.6 × 10¹¹ colony-forming units of ETEC. At 3 days post-challenge, all pigs were administered d-xylose at 0.1 g/kg body weight. One hour later, blood samples were obtained, and the pigs then euthanised to collect intestinal samples. Data showed that only 100 mg/kg LMWC supplementation attenuated (P < 0.05) the average daily gain reduction caused by ETEC. Furthermore, besides the decreased (P < 0.05) serum tumour necrosis factor-α and immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentrations detected in ETEC-challenged pigs supplemented with LMWC at 50 or 100 mg/kg, the higher dose (100 mg/kg) also decreased (P < 0.05) the serum IgM concentration and increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio in both the jejunum and ileum, and the sucrase activity in the ileal mucosa. Moreover, LMWC supplementation (50 or 100 mg/kg) in ETEC-challenged pigs elevated (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of jejunal mucosal peptide transporter 1 and ileal mucosal peptide transporter 1, divalent metal transporter 1 and zinc transporter 1, and decreased (P < 0.05) the ileal and caecal E. coli abundances, while 100 mg/kg LMWC additionally elevated (P < 0.05) the ileal Bacillus abundance, and caecal and colonic Bifidobacterium abundances. These results suggest that LMWC helps alleviate ETEC-induced growth retardation in weaned pigs, which could be associated with the inhibition of the immune responses and improved intestinal health.     

Management of acute sigmoid volvulus: A Tunisian experience

Background/objectiveSigmoid volvulus is the most common type of volvulus. Its epidemiological features, as well as its management, differ between developed and developing countries. This work aims to analyze the epidemiological features thus allowing to compare them to the rest of the “volvulus belt’’ and assess the surgical management of sigmoid volvulus in Tunisia.MethodThis is a retrospective review of 64 patients with sigmoid volvulus treated in the General Surgery department of Jendouba Hospital. January 2005–December 2019.Results64 patients were treated for acute sigmoid volvulus. The sex ratio male to female ratio was 5.4/1 with male predominance. 5.4:1 (54 males to 10 females). The mean age was 62 years. The classic triad of intestinal occlusion was reported in 56 patients. The mean duration of symptoms was 4.2 days. An accurate preoperative diagnosis was made in 58 cases. Forty patients had a viable bowel obstruction, and all of them had a resection and primary anastomosis. Sixteen patients had a gangrenous bowel obstruction, of which 6 patients had resection-primary anastomosis, and 10 had Hartmann's procedure. Out of the total five deaths reported, there were only two among patients who had resection-primary anastomosis for gangrenous bowel obstruction. The most common postoperative complication was wound infections in 5 cases. The median length of hospital stay following surgery was 8 days. No recurrences of volvulus after a median follow-up of 11 months.ConclusionsAlthough Tunisia belongs to the volvulus belt, the epidemiologic features of sigmoid volvulus tend rather be similar to those of developed countries. The use of primary surgery, if no endoscopy is performed, is a good alternative. For patients who have contraindications for endoscopic treatment, surgical treatment is the only option.     

玉液汤对2型糖尿病肥胖患者肠道菌群及脂质代谢的影响

目的：探讨玉液汤对2型糖尿病肥胖患者肠道菌群及脂质代谢影响。方法：选取2017年2月至2019年2月广州市中医医院收治的2型糖尿病肥胖患者106例作为研究对象，按照就诊顺序分为对照组和观察组，每组53例。2组均给予基础治疗+药物治疗，观察组再加用玉液汤治疗。观察2组治疗前、完成治疗后肠道菌群、脂质代谢、中医症状积分、血糖相关指标、体质量、腰围、体质量指数(BMI)变化并比较。结果：2组治疗前各指标比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），完成治疗后观察组患者的中医症状积分、FINS、HOMA-IR、HbAlc、BMI、腰围、体质量、TC、TG、LDL-C、肠杆菌、酵母菌、肠球菌、畏寒肢冷、腰膝酸软、脘腹2组患者治疗后HDL-C、双岐杆菌、乳杆菌、拟杆菌均较治疗后明显上升，且观察组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：玉液汤能改善2型糖尿病肥胖患者脂质代谢和临床症状，降低血糖，能调节肠道菌群紊乱，从而提高疗效。     

胃癌术后病人肠道菌群变化及其对围手术期恢复的影响

目的探讨胃癌术后病人肠道菌群的变化及其对病人术后围手术期恢复的影响。方法选择2018年6月至2019年6月南昌大学第二附属医院胃肠外科收治的行胃癌根治术的100例病人,对每位病人术前与术后的粪便进行菌群检测(双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌),并根据病人术后有益菌相对丰度分为丰度高组和丰度低组,同时检测病人术后生化指标(白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白、淋巴细胞计数、淋巴细胞百分比、总蛋白、白蛋白和前白蛋白)。结果通过高通量测序检测胃癌病人手术前后菌群变化,发现胃癌术后病人双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌明显减少,大肠杆菌、链球菌明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。100例病人中双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌相对丰富的病人肠道功能恢复较早,炎症指标相对较低,免疫指数有所提高,同时提高总蛋白及白蛋白营养指标,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胃癌术后病人肠道菌群发生改变,体内有益菌双歧杆菌、嗜乳酸杆菌减少,大肠杆菌、链球菌明显增加。同时体内有益菌减少会影响病人术后恢复,增加病人炎症反应,降低机体免疫能力,影响病人营养状态。     

碘乙酸钠诱导的大鼠膝骨关节炎模型肠道菌群变化及其潜在影响

目的:研究碘乙酸钠诱导的大鼠膝骨关节炎(KOA)模型肠道菌群变化情况,探究肠道菌群与KOA的潜在联系。方法:将SPF级大鼠分为空白对照组和KOA组,通过膝关节局部注射碘乙酸钠制造大鼠KOA模型。通过16SrDNA检测大鼠粪便中的肠道菌群变化情况,蛋白印记法检测结肠组织中NF-κB和TNF-α蛋白表达,RT-qPCR检测结肠组织中Caspase-1和IL-1β基因表达情况,苏木精-伊红染色观察结肠黏膜通透性变化,苏木精-伊红染色观察关节滑膜和软骨组织的病理变化情况。ELISA检测血液上清中LBP,IL-1β,TNF-α及IL-10炎症因子水平。结果:与空白对照组相比,从KOA组中筛选出明显变化的肠道菌群,以Akkermansia和疣微菌门变化最为显著,结肠黏膜通透性增加,结肠组织中NF-κB p65及TNF-α蛋白表达升高,结肠组织中Caspase-1和IL-1β基因表达升高,血液中促炎因子LBP,IL-1β及TNF-α蛋白含量升高,抗炎因子IL-10蛋白含量降低。结论:KOA病理状态下肠道菌群发生变化,结肠炎症反应增强,结肠炎症反应或许在提高全身炎症反应水平、促进与肠道菌群相关的KOA的病理进程中起到重要的桥梁作用。