拯救脓毒症运动儿童脓毒性休克和脓毒症相关器官功能障碍国际指南解读

2020年2月，拯救脓毒症运动儿童脓毒性休克和脓毒症相关器官功能障碍国际指南同时发表于重症医学顶级期刊Intensive Care Medicine以及儿童重症顶级期刊Pediatric Critical Care Medicine，对于儿童脓毒症的治疗具有重大的意义。该文对该指南进行解读，以期帮助国内的儿科同行更好地理解该指南。     

Using probabilistic theory to develop interpretation guidelines for Y-STR profiles

Y-STR profiling makes up a small but important proportion of forensic DNA casework. Often Y-STR profiles are used when autosomal profiling has failed to yield an informative result. Consequently Y-STR profiles are often from the most challenging samples. In addition to these points, Y-STR loci are linked, meaning that evaluation of haplotype probabilities are either based on overly simplified counting methods or computationally costly genetic models, neither of which extend well to the evaluation of mixed Y-STR data. For all of these reasons Y-STR data analysis has not seen the same advances as autosomal STR data. We present here a probabilistic model for the interpretation of Y-STR data. Due to the fact that probabilistic systems for Y-STR data are still some way from reaching active casework, we also describe how data can be analysed in a continuous way to generate interpretational thresholds and guidelines.     

《2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS成人心脏术后体外生命支持专家共识》解读

2020年10月,欧洲心胸外科学会(EACTS),国际体外生命支持组织(ELSO),美国胸外科医师协会(STS)和美国胸外科学会(AATS)共同发布了《2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS成人心脏术后体外生命支持专家共识》,该共识为成人心脏术后体外生命支持的选择、管理和项目建设提供了参考,本文对该共识进行解读。     

Don’t panic: Interpretation bias is predictive of new onsets of panic disorder

Psychological models of panic disorder postulate that interpretation of ambiguous material as threatening is an important maintaining factor for the disorder. However, demonstrations of whether such a bias predicts onset of panic disorder are missing. In the present study, we used data from the Dresden Prediction Study, in which a epidemiologic sample of young German women was tested at two time points approximately 17 months apart, allowing the study of biased interpretation as a potential risk factor. At time point one, participants completed an Interpretation Questionnaire including two types of ambiguous scenarios: panic-related and general threat-related. Analyses revealed that a panic-related interpretation bias predicted onset of panic disorder, even after controlling for two established risk factors: anxiety sensitivity and fear of bodily sensations. This is the first prospective study demonstrating the incremental validity of interpretation bias as a predictor of panic disorder onset.     

Interpretation bias characterizes trait rumination

Background and objectives

Rumination, a maladaptive cognitive style of responding to negative mood, is thought to be maintained by a variety of cognitive biases. However, it is unknown whether rumination is characterized by interpretation biases.

Methods

Two experiments examined the link between rumination and interpretation biases, revealed in lexical-decision tasks (LDT). A homograph with both benign and ruminative or otherwise negative meaning was presented on each trial and followed by a letter string, to which participants responded by judging whether it was a word or a non-word. Letter strings were non-words or words related or unrelated to one meaning of the homograph.

Results

In both experiments, faster latencies to respond to targets related to the ruminative meaning of the homographs were produced by students with higher scores on self-report measures of rumination. Moreover, these biases were associated with both brooding, the maladaptive form of rumination, and reflection, the more adaptive component. No measure of rumination was significantly correlated with general biases toward negative meaning (Experiment 1) or with threatening interpretations of homographs (Experiment 2).

Limitations

The paucity of available rumination-related homographs dictated the use of non-fully randomized stimuli presentation (Experiment 1) or the use of only one set of the meanings associated with the homographs (Experiment 2).

Conclusions

Rumination is associated with a tendency to interpret ambiguous information in a rumination-consistent manner. This tendency may exacerbate ruminative thinking and can possibly be a target for future intervention.     

Clinician accuracy when subjectively interpreting articulating paper markings

Aims:

The aim of this study was to determine whether Subjective Interpretation of paper markings is a reliable method for identifying the relative occlusal force content of tooth contacts.

Methodology:

295 clinicians selected the “Most Forceful” and “Least Forceful” occlusal contacts in six occlusal-view photographs of articulating paper marks that were later compared against computerized occlusal analysis relative occlusal force measurements of the same tooth contacts. Means and standard deviations were calculated by years in clinical practice and by number of occlusion courses taken. A Chi-square analysis was also performed.

Results:

The mean correct for 295 participant dentists was 1·53 (±1·234). There were no significant differences found for years in practice (P>0·16) or number of occlusion courses taken (P>0·75). The Chi-square analysis showed a sensitivity of 12·6%, a specificity of 12·4%, a positive predictive value of 12·58%, and a negative predictive value of 12·42%. Chance was calculated at 12·5% correct.

Conclusions:

Subjective Interpretation is an ineffective clinical method for determining the relative occlusal force content of tooth contacts. The reported low scores obtained from a large group of participant dentists suggest clinicians are unable to reliably differentiate high and low occlusal force from looking at articulating paper marks. This longstanding method of visually observing articulating paper marks for occlusal contact force content should be replaced with a measurement-based, objective method.     

美国血管外科学会2018年腹主动脉瘤诊治指南解读

根据循证医学的基本原则,美国血管外科学会（SVS）在系统性回顾的基础上,于2018年1月发布了腹主动脉瘤（AAA）治疗指南,针对AAA的诊断评估、治疗方式、麻醉及围术期处理、术后管理及随访、经济效益学分析5个方面做了重点阐述,并给出111条具体的推荐建议,并按GRADE法给出了推荐强度及证据级别。笔者对该指南中涉及的新观点或推荐意见、以及与临床诊疗过程中的密切相关点作一解读,以期读者更好的理解该指南。     

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: What Urologists Need to Know. Part 2: Interpretation

BackgroundThere is large variability among radiologists in their detection of clinically significant (cs) prostate cancer (PCa) on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI).ObjectiveTo reduce the interpretation variability and achieve optimal accuracy in assessing prostate mpMRI.Design, setting, and participantsHow the interpretation of mpMRI can be optimized is demonstrated here. Whereas part 1 of the “surgery-in-motion” paper focused on acquisition, this paper shows the correlation between (ab)normal prostate anatomical structures and image characteristics on mpMRI, and how standardized interpretation according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) should be performed. This will be shown in individual patients.Surgical procedureTo detect csPCa, three mpMRI “components” are used: “anatomic” T2-weighted imaging, “cellular-density” diffusion-weighted imaging, and “vascularity” dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.MeasurementsBased on PI-RADS v2, the accompanying video shows how mpMRI interpretation is performed. Finally, the role of mpMRI in detecting csPCa is briefly discussed and the main features of the recently introduced PI-RADS v2.1 are evaluated.Results and limitationsWith PI-RADS v2, it is possible to quantify normal and abnormal anatomical structures within the prostate based on its imaging features of the three mpMRI “components.” With this knowledge, a more objective evaluation of the presence of a csPCa can be performed. However, there still remains quite some space to reduce interobserver variability.ConclusionsFor understanding the interpretation of mpMRI according to PI-RADS v2, knowledge of the correlation between imaging and (ab)normal anatomical structures on the three mpMRI components is needed.Patient summaryThis second surgery-in-motion contribution shows what structures can be recognized on prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). How a radiologist performs his reading according to the so-called Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System criteria is shown here. The main features of these criteria are summarized, and the role of prostate MRI in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer is discussed briefly.     

《肿瘤相关性高血糖管理指南（2021年版）》解读

恶性肿瘤和糖尿病均已逐渐成为中国常见的慢性非传染性疾病,两者关系密切,糖尿病患者中多种恶性肿瘤的发生风险增加、致死率高、预后不良,肿瘤患者中血糖升高很常见。部分恶性肿瘤可导致高血糖和（或）糖尿病,恶性肿瘤的治疗（包括手术应激、化疗药物、放射治疗、糖皮质激素、多种靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂的应用等）过程中可能出现高血糖和（或）糖尿病,统称为肿瘤相关性高血糖。肿瘤相关性高血糖在临床上管理难度大,血糖控制情况的好坏与恶性肿瘤患病风险及不良预后密切相关,目前尚无相关的指南可用于指导临床诊治和管理。因此,恶性肿瘤相关性高血糖的规范化管理问题日益受到内分泌科及肿瘤科专家的重视,临床上也迫切需要就肿瘤相关性高血糖的管理进行规范化的指导。有鉴于此,中国抗癌协会肿瘤内分泌专业委员会和重庆市中西医结合学会肿瘤内分泌分会综合国内肿瘤学和内分泌学多位专家的意见起草了《肿瘤相关性高血糖管理指南（2021年版）》。该指南除归纳和总结糖尿病与多种恶性肿瘤的关系,肿瘤导致高血糖和（或）糖尿病的病因,肿瘤相关性高血糖的流行病学,肿瘤相关性高血糖的概念,诊断和鉴别诊断标准外,还重点介绍了肿瘤相关性高血糖的规范化管理,包括肿瘤相关性高血糖的总体评估方法和原则,个体化控制目标,住院期间的管理（入院前准备,住院期间患者的血糖管理措施,胰岛素疗法,重症监护病房和非重症监护病房的管理,酮症酸中毒和高渗性高血糖状态,低血糖的处理,围手术期血糖管理,非进食肠内或肠外营养情况下血糖的管理,妊娠合并高血糖或糖尿病的管理,糖皮质激素的应用的管理,临终关怀,从住院到门诊的过渡,用药注意事项,出院前处理等情况）,多种降糖药物对恶性肿瘤的影响,肿瘤治疗药物对血糖的影响和门诊期间的管理,包括恶性肿瘤患者档案的建立,血糖及并发症相关问题的健康检查,长期的随访和评估。此外,结合中国医疗的实际情况,指南针对肿瘤相关性高血糖患者的双向转诊和分级诊疗提出了相关建议和标准,以利于各层级医疗机构和医务人员方便的执行。本指南对推荐意见根据循证医学证据等级分级原则提出了相应的分级,将有助于临床医师对肿瘤相关性高血糖患者进行合理化和规范化的管理,以期改善其临床结局和预后。现就该指南的内容和推荐意见做一解读。