血管生成素样蛋白与胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢的关系及在多囊卵巢综合征中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS）是育龄期女性最常见的内分泌及代谢性疾病之一,PCOS患者发生心血管疾病和2型糖尿病的风险增加。越来越多的研究支持胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）是PCOS重要的病理机制之一。血管生成素样蛋白（angiopoietin-like proteins,ANGPTLs）家族是一类与血管生成素结构相似的分泌型糖蛋白,目前已发现8个成员,即ANGPTL1~ANGPTL8。ANGPTLs在PCOS患者血液中表达水平升高,并且与IR程度密切相关,ANGPTLs通过促进脂肪组织炎症、调节胰岛素分泌及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路等参与了IR和糖代谢,这很可能与PCOS的发病有关。综述ANGPTLs参与IR和糖代谢的机制及其在PCOS中的作用,以期进一步探讨ANGPTLs参与PCOS发病的机制,为预测和治疗PCOS提供新思路。     

Correlation analysis of intestinal flora and pathological process of type 2 diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveTo observe the relationship between the different stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the intestinal flora and verify its underlying mechanism.MethodsT2DM rats were generated by high-fat diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The rats were divided into four groups: the control group (fed with normal feed for 1 month), the HFD group (fed with HFD for 1 month), the T2DM group (HFD combined with STZ and blood glucose ≥11.1 mM), and the unformed T2DM model (Un-mod) group (HFD combined with STZ and blood glucose <11.1 mM). Feces were collected, and bacterial communities in the fecal samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces was measured by gas chromatography. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and GPR43.ResultsAt different stages of T2DM, the intestinal flora and SCFAs content of rats were significantly decreased (all P < .05). Our results indicated that g__Prevotella had a significant negative correlation, and g__Ruminococcus_torques_group and g__lachnoclastic had a significant positive correlation with blood glucose. The content of SCFAs, in particular acetate and butyrate, in rat feces of different stages of T2DM were significantly reduced, as well as GPR41 and GPR43 expression. The results in the Un-mod group were similar to the T2DM group, and the expression of GPR41 and GPR43 proteins were significantly higher than those in the T2DM group (both P < .001).ConclusionThe intestinal flora–SCFAs–GPR41/GPR43 network may be important in the development of T2DM. Decreasing blood glucose levels by regulating the intestinal flora may become a new therapeutic strategy for T2DM, which has very important clinical and social values.     

肠杆菌目细菌产耐碳青霉烯酶的基因分型检测方法进展

碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）已成为全球性的公共卫生问题。有文献报道由CRE引起的感染，尤其是血流感染，会导致患者死亡率较高，为临床治疗带来了极大的挑战。肠杆菌科细菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的主要机制是细菌产生了不同型别的耐碳青霉烯类水解酶。目前只有少数几种新型抗菌药物可以用于CRE的治疗如头孢他啶/阿维巴坦，但头孢他啶/阿维巴坦对持有金属β内酰胺酶的CRE没有活性，所以快速、准确地检测CRE菌株所产碳青霉烯酶种类，对临床合理选择抗菌药物至关重要。本文就目前检测肠杆菌科细菌耐碳青霉烯类药物的基因分型实验方法的优缺点进行总结分析。     

Emerging issue of fluconazole-resistant candidemia in a tertiary care hospital of southern italy: time for antifungal stewardship program

An increased number of patients is at risk of Candida spp. bloodstream infection (CBSI) in modern medicine. Moreover, the rising of antifungal resistance (AR) was recently reported. All consecutive CBSI occurred in our Hospital (consisting of 1,370 beds) between 2015 and 2018, were reviewed. For each case, Candida species, AR pattern, ward involved and demographic data of patients were recorded. Overall, 304 episodes of CBSI occurred, with a median (q1:first-,q3:third quartile) of 77 (71-82) CBSI/year. Over the years, a significant increase of CBSI due to C. albicans compared to non-albicans strains was recorded in medical wards (from 65% to 71%, p=0.030), while this ratio remained stable in others. An increase of resistant strains to multiple antifungals such as C. guillermondii was noticed in recent years (from 0% to 9.8%, p=0.008). Additionally, from 2015 to 2018 an increase in fluconazole-resistance was recorded in our Hospital (from 7.4% to 17.4%, p=0.025) and a slight increase in voriconazole-resistance (from 0% to 7% in 2018, p=0.161) was observed, while resistance to echinocandin and amphotericin B remained firmly below 2%.This study suggests a rapid spread of antifungal resistance in our Hospital; therefore, an appropriate antifungal stewardship programs is urgently warranted.     

Fifty shades of graft: How to improve the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for decolonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Background

Spontaneous decolonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) takes time: approximately 25% after 30 days for carbapenem-producing Enterobacteriaceae or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proposed as a new strategy to promote decolonization in order to reduce the risk of superinfection due to these ARB. This paper discusses the literature on the use of FMT for this indication, and the improvement levers available to promote its efficacy.

Next-generation Sequencing for ALK and ROS1 Rearrangement Detection in Patients With Non–small-cell Lung Cancer: Implications of FISH-positive Patterns

BackgroundDetection of ALK and ROS1 gene rearrangements in non–small-cell lung cancer is required for directing patient care. Although fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry have been established as gold standard methods, next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms are called to be at least equally successful. Comparison of these methods for translation into daily use is currently under investigation.Patients and MethodsForty non–small-cell lung cancer paraffin-embedded samples with previous ALK (n = 33) and ROS1 (n = 7) FISH results were examined with the Oncomine Focus Assay and tested for ALK and ROS1 immunoreactivity. Clinical implications of concurrent molecular alterations and concordance between methods were evaluated.ResultsNGS was successful in 32 (80%) cases: 25 ALK and 7 ROS1. Few concomitant alterations were detected: 1 ALK rearranged case had an ALK p.L1196M-resistant mutation, 4 had CDK4, MYC, and/or ALK amplifications, and 1 ROS1 rearranged case showed a FGFR4 amplification. Comparison between techniques revealed 5 (16%) discordant cases that had lower progression-free survival than concordant cases: 7.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-13) versus 19.4 (95% confidence interval, 10.1-28.6). Remarkably, 4 of these cases had isolated 3' signal FISH pattern (P = .026).ConclusionOur data support that the identification of 3' isolated signal FISH pattern in ALK and ROS1 cases might suggest a false-positive result. NGS seems a reliable technique to assess ALK and ROS1 rearrangements, offering the advantage over immunohistochemistry of detecting other molecular alterations with potential therapeutic implications.