早产儿体位管理的最佳证据总结

目的 检索、评价并整合国内外早产儿体位管理的相关证据,为临床实践提供参考。方法 计算机检索国际指南网、英国国家健康与临床优化研究所网站、苏格兰学院指南网、美国指南网、加拿大安大略注册护士协会网站、乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、BMJ Best Practice、PubMed、Embase、OVID、万方数据库、中国知网、医脉通等网站或数据库中关于早产儿体位管理的所有证据,包括指南、证据总结、最佳临床实践手册、临床决策及系统评价,检索时限为建库至2020年8月31日。结果 共纳入10篇文献,其中指南3篇、系统评价5篇、技术报告1篇、临床决策1篇。从体位评估、体位摆放、体位辅助工具及使用、特殊疾病或情境下的体位管理4个方面总结了21条证据。结论 该研究总结了早产儿体位管理的最佳证据,为规范早产儿体位管理提供了循证依据,建议护理人员在应用证据时综合考虑临床实际情况选择性应用最佳证据,促进早产儿健康。     

The Newborn Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) monitor predicts post-operative pain in children undergoing day-procedures: A prospective observational study

BackgroundPain assessment is essential for the administration of appropriate analgesia. Currently, clinicians use surrogate methods, such as heart rate or behavioural pain scales, to estimate pain in neonates and infants. The Newborn and Infant Parasympathetic Evaluation (NIPE™) monitor aims to provide an objective numeric value (NIPE index) of pain through a continuous assessment of the patient's parasympathetic activity. The aim of this study was to determine if the intraoperative NIPE index monitoring could predict postoperative pain in neonates and infants.MethodsThis prospective observational pilot study included neonates and infants undergoing elective day-surgical procedures (n = 50). Intraoperatively, NIPE indices at 0 (NIPE₀), 10 (NIPE₁₀), 20 (NIPE₂₀), 30 (NIPE₃₀) minutes and at completion of surgery (NIPEe), were recorded; the median NIPE index (NIPEm) was calculated for the entire procedure. Postoperative Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale scores were calculated by the nursing staff blinded to the intraoperative NIPE indices.ResultsLinear regression documented an association between the NIPEm and postoperative FLACC score at 0 (r = 0.31, p = 0.03) and 10 min (r = 0.36, p = 0.01). No significant associations were observed for FLACC scores at 20 (r = 0.21, p = 0.2) and 30 min (r = 0.36, p > 0.9). Multiple regression analysis revealed that intraoperative NIPE₁₀, NIPE₂₀, NIPE₃₀ and NIPEe also predicted the FLACC score at 0 min (p = 0.003).ConclusionThe intraoperative NIPE index is predictive of pain in the immediate postoperative period. This association was lost at 20 min likely due to nursing intervention to administer analgesia. NIPE monitoring could be useful in facilitating postoperative pain management in infants.Level of evidenceII.Type of studyStudy of Diagnostic Test.     

婴幼儿密闭吸痰前提高吸氧浓度必要性的探讨

目的 研究机械通气下使用密闭式吸痰的婴幼儿吸痰前不常规提高吸氧浓度对患儿氧合的影响。 方法 通过对64例婴幼儿(192次吸痰操作),吸痰前不进行提高氧浓度的操作进行观察,分别记录患儿吸痰前平静时、吸痰中、吸痰后1min时患儿SpO₂的值和SpO₂恢复至平静时所需的时间。 结果 吸痰前不提高氧浓度,患儿在吸痰时及吸痰后SpO₂相对于吸痰前变化不明显。吸痰后SpO₂恢复至平静时的时间为18.00(5.25-30.00)s。 结论 吸痰前SpO₂稳定,并排除痉咳、心脏分流等原因的患儿,密闭式吸痰前没有必要常规给予提高吸氧浓度的操作。     

A case-control study of risk factors for intussusception among infants in eastern France after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to investigate the risk factors for intussusception (IS) among infants, including vaccination against rotavirus.MethodsCase-control study with systematic inclusion of all infants aged <1 year with suspected IS admitted to emergency departments in the eastern region of France between 1 April 2008 and 31 March 2012. All cases classed level 1 according to the Brighton classification were matched to 4 hospital controls. Two exposure windows were examined; exposure to the first dose of rotavirus vaccine in the 7 and in the 14 days prior to the occurrence of IS.ResultsA total of 115 cases were matched with 457 controls. The average vaccination coverage rate over the 4 years of study was 8.6%. Rotavirus vaccine was not found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of IS in the 7 days (odds ratio (OR) not calculated; p = 0.99) and in the 14 days after administration of one dose vaccine (OR 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14–12.82). Infant formula alone or combined with breastfeeding was associated with an excess risk of IS (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.10–6.79). A history of gastroenteritis within 2 weeks prior to hospitalisation was also associated with an increased risk (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.07–4.67).ConclusionOur study indicates that infant formula alone or combined with breastfeeding is a risk factor for IS. A small, non-significant increase in the risk of IS was observed after rotavirus vaccination, although the low vaccine coverage rate likely precluded detection of a significant increase in risk.     

Path to impact: A report from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation convening on maternal immunization in resource-limited settings; Berlin – January 29–30, 2015

Global initiatives such as the Millennium Development Goals have led to major improvements in the health of women and children, and significant reductions in childhood mortality. Worldwide, maternal mortality has decreased by 45% and under-five mortality has fallen by over 50% over the past two decades [1]. However, improvements have not been achieved evenly across all ages; since 1990, under-five mortality has declined by ∼5% annually, but the average decrease in neonatal mortality is only ∼3% per year.Against this background, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) convened a meeting in Berlin on January 29–30, 2015 of global health stakeholders, representing funders, academia, regulatory agencies, non-governmental organizations, vaccine manufacturers, and Ministries of Health from Africa and Asia. The topic of discussion was the potential of maternal immunization (MI) to achieve further improvements in under-five morbidity and mortality rates in children, and particularly neonates and young infants, through targeting infectious diseases that are not preventable by other interventions in these age groups. The meeting focused on effective and appropriately priced MI vaccines against influenza, pertussis, and tetanus, as well as against respiratory syncytial virus, and the group B Streptococcus, for which no licensed vaccines currently exist.The primary goals of the BMGF 2015 convening were to bring together the global stakeholders in vaccine development, policy and delivery together with the Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) community, to get recognition that MI is a strategy shared between these groups and so encourage increased collaboration, and obtain alignment on the next steps toward achieving a significant health impact through implementation of a MI program.     

Cyclic alternating pattern in infants with congenital hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism is defined as thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth which is crucial for brain development. Recently, the cyclic alternating pattern, a rhythm present in electroencephalography recordings in non-Rapid eye movement sleep, has been related to brain development and cognition in different pediatric conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the cyclic alternating pattern rate in infants with congenital hypothyroidism, thyroxine supplementation, and healthy controls. The parameters of the cyclic alternating pattern were evaluated in 19 healthy infants (10 female, mean age 25.5?±?15.5?months) and 21 infants diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism (19 female, mean age 24.3?±?19.0?months). We considered the transient electro-cortical activations (phase A of the cycle) in non-Rapid eye movement sleep and the subdivisions of the A phase in: A1, A2 and A3, based on their frequency content. All subjects were subjected to polysomnography recording in a standard laboratory setting. Sleep data were stored computer following the International 10–20 System. Data showed that congenital hypothyroidism infants exhibited higher frequency of central apnea, hypopnea, and arousals in comparison to controls. Particularly, central apnea index decreased with age in the control group but not in congenital hypothyroidism group. Regarding to cyclic alternating pattern measurements, congenital hypothyroidism infants exhibit a higher frequency in the percentage of A3 subtype (electroencephalographic desynchrony) and conversely a lower percentage of A1 subtype (electroencephalographic synchrony), than healthy infants. An important finding of this study is the positive correlation between A1 mean duration and age, which is bigger in control group than in congenital hypothyroidism group (time duration in control group (0.52?s/month) versus congenital hypothyroidism group (0.1?s/month). Infants with congenital hypothyroidism showed an increase of A3 subtype, of central apnea, and of arousals. The reduction of percentage and mean duration of A1 subtype could be a valuable indicator of sleep development in patients with congenital hypothyroidism and healthy infants.     

Meningococcal C vaccine coverage in France in infants,children, and adolescents

Objectives

Meningococcal C (MenC) vaccination was introduced in the French vaccination calendar in 2010 to reduce the incidence of invasive meningococcal C disease (IMD C), mainly through herd immunity. The Vaccinoscopie survey helps follow vaccination coverage rates (VCRs) of children.

Influence of perinatal inflammation on the neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants

Objective: To evaluate the influence of perinatal inflammation on neurodevelopmental outcome of premature infants.

Study design: From a retrospective cohort study of women with preterm labor with intact membranes or preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) with an amniocentesis to rule out intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) and microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC), we evaluated neurodevelopmental outcome of their infants born between 24.0 and 34.0 weeks gestation. Women with clinical chorioamnionitis at admission were excluded. Neurodevelopmental outcome was screened with the Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)-3. We analyzed the relationship between an altered ASQ-3 and antenatal, intra-partum and post-partum factors related to perinatal inflammation.

Result: Among 98 infants evaluated, 22% had an abnormal score. Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels and early-onset sepsis (EOS) were independent factors of an altered ASQ-3 with delivery <26.0 weeks being the strongest predictor.

Conclusions: In premature infants, the presence of IAI, delivery <26.0 weeks and EOS were found to be independent factors of an altered ASQ-3.     

Vaccine timeliness and prevalence of undervaccination patterns in children ages 0–19 months,U.S., National Immunization Survey-Child 2017

ObjectivesTypically, early childhood vaccination coverage in the U.S. is measured as the proportion of children by age 24 months who completed recommended vaccine series. However, these measures do not reflect whether vaccine doses were received at the ages recommended by the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or whether children received vaccines concomitantly, per the ACIP recommended schedule. This study’s objective was to quantify vaccine timeliness and prevalence of specific patterns of undervaccination in U.S. children ages 0–19 months.MethodsUsing 2017 National Immunization Survey-Child data, we calculated days undervaccinated for the combined 7-vaccine series and distinguished undervaccination patterns indicative of parental vaccine hesitancy, such as spreading out vaccines across visits (“shot-limiting”) or starting some but not all recommended vaccine series (“selective vaccination”), from other non-hesitancy patterns, such as missing final vaccine doses or receiving all doses, with some or all late. We measured associations between demographic, socioeconomic and other characteristics with undervaccination patterns using multivariable log-linked binomial regression. Analyses accounted for the complex survey design.ResultsAmong n = 15,333 U.S. children, only 41.2% received all recommended vaccine doses on-time by age 19 months. Approximately 20.9% of children had an undervaccination pattern suggestive of parental vaccine hesitancy, and 36.2% had other undervaccination non-hesitancy patterns. Uninsured children and those with lower levels of maternal education were more likely to exhibit undervaccination patterns suggestive of parental hesitancy. Lower levels of maternal education were also associated with other non-hesitancy undervaccination patterns.ConclusionsMore than half of children in the U.S. are undervaccinated at some point by 19 months of age. Ongoing assessment of vaccine timeliness and immunization schedule adherence could facilitate timely and targeted public health interventions in populations with high levels of undervaccination.     

热咳散治疗痰热内蕴型哮喘患儿的临床研究

目的:探讨痰热内蕴型哮喘婴幼儿西医常规治疗基础上使用自拟热咳散治疗的临床疗效，为其临床应用提供理论依据。方法:选取2017年3月至2018年9月中山市中医院收治的痰热内蕴型哮喘婴幼儿112例作为研究对象，根据治疗方式的不同分为对照组与观察组，每组56例。对照组采用常规治疗，观察组在对照组基础上加用自配热咳散，比较2组患儿肺功能指标（FEF25%、FEF50%、IgE）；血清生化指标（IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、Cal-3）和C-ACT和MARS-A评分的差异。结果:对照组FEF25%、FEF50%显著低于观察组，对照组IgE含量显著高于观察组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患儿治疗有效率和治疗效果构成差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后观察组IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、Cal-3含量低于对照组，观察组C-ACT评分、MARS-A评分高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论:相比于西医常规治疗的治疗手段，在其基础上连用自拟热咳散的治疗效果更佳，患者症状改善时间也相对较短。