Ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of Gram-positive endocarditis: CAPTURE study experience

Background

The clinical experience of ceftaroline fosamil (CPT-F) therapy for Gram-positive infective endocarditis is reported from CAPTURE, a retrospective study conducted in the USA.

我院2011-2016年革兰阳性菌耐药监测数据研究

目的 通过对我院2011-2016年住院和门诊患者革兰阳性菌分离比例、耐药情况的分析研究,掌握耐药流行趋势,为抗生素的合理使用提供参考依据。方法 对2011年1月-2016年12月本院住院与门诊患者等各种标本进行分离培养,采用全自动细菌鉴定仪和API手工鉴定系统进行细菌鉴定,参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)文件M100-S26标准进行药敏试验和结果判定;后将6年的数据用Whonet 5.6中文版软件及SPSS 13.0软件进行数据统计分析。结果 2011-2016年共分离的革兰阳性菌15,123株占总分离细菌数50,412株的29.99%;其中金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、β-溶血链球菌、草绿色链球菌群排名前7位,分别占总细菌的6.48%~7.78%、5.05%~6.47%、1.25%~2.08%,0.91%~1.26%、0.62%~1.02%,0.55%~1.05%和0.60%~1.01%,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。趋势图显示β-溶血链球菌、草绿色链球菌分离比例有逐步上升趋势;从2014-2016年粪肠球菌出现下降趋势,屎肠球菌出现上升趋势,到2016年屎肠球菌比例高于粪肠球菌比例;耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis, MRSE)比例在52.30%~77.60%之间,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)比例在32.20%~46.80%之间,都有逐年升高趋势;耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌比例在1.70%~3.10%之间;未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌对四环素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药率有一定下降趋势;肠球菌耐药性相对比较稳定。肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑、四环素耐药率较高;草绿色链球菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟耐药率呈逐年上升趋势;β-溶血链球菌对常见抗生素保持高敏感性,但是近年出现了对左氧氟沙星的耐药菌株。结论 革兰阳性菌分离比例比较稳定,β-溶血链球菌、草绿色链球菌、屎肠球菌分离比例有逐年上升趋势。MRSA比例高于全国平均水平,MRSE比例低于全国平均水平,但都有上升趋势。青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌(penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, PRSP)和耐万古霉素肠球菌(vancomycin resistant Enterococcus, VRE)比例保持在全国较低水平。金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性不稳定,变化较大;表皮葡萄球菌耐药性相对稳定。两种葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物保持较低耐药率,并有逐年下降趋势,肺炎链球菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率逐年上升;多重耐药的草绿色链球菌逐年增加。加强本院或本地区范围内的耐药监测数据研究,发现本地细菌耐药特点更有利于指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。     

利奈唑胺对比万古霉素治疗重症感染的疗效评价

目的评价利奈唑胺与万古霉素在治疗重症感染方面的疗效。方法筛选2020年2—5月入住ICU的确诊或高度怀疑革兰阳性球菌感染患者共19例,随机分为利奈唑胺组及万古霉素组,分别给予常规剂量治疗,比较两组炎症指标、临床疗效及不良反应。结果治疗后,利奈唑胺组相对于万古霉素组在白细胞、降钙素原、C反应蛋白、白介素-6变化的差异无统计学意义,利奈唑胺组临床显效率为55.56%,万古霉素组为60.00%,组间比较差异无统计学意义,两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义。结论利奈唑胺对革兰阳性球菌重症感染的疗效与万古霉素无明显差异,临床疗效肯定。     

老年泌尿道感染患者病原菌分布特点及耐药状况

目的探究老年泌尿道感染患者的病原菌分布特点以及耐药状况。方法选取2018年1月至2020年5月.于盘锦辽油宝石花医院泌尿外科诊治的老年泌尿道感染患者1340例为研究对象,均采集尿标本进行细菌培养。分析病原菌的分布特点,并进行药敏试验。结果本组1340例患者共分离出378株病原菌,检出率2821%;其中革兰阴性菌占64.81%,高于草兰阳性菌的23.28%和真菌的11.91%(P<0.05);革兰阳性菌中以肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,,革兰阴性菌中以大肠埃希菌和克雷伯属为主,真菌中以白色假丝酵母菌为主。耐药性检测发现:革兰阳性菌(肠球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌.凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌)均对万古霉索和替考拉宁无耐药,而对氨基糖苷类、青霉素类.唑诺酮类等抗生素耐药率较高;革兰阴性菌(大肠埃希菌、克雷伯属)对亚胺培南的耐药率低,但对头孢菌素类.氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类等抗生素的耐药率高。革兰阴性菌中大肠埃希菌的产ESBLs菌株的检出率最高,为42.11%,其次为克雷伯属的18.52%。结论老年泌尿道感染患者的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌均对常用的抗生素耐药率偏高,其中革兰阳性菌对糖肽类抗生素耐药率低,革兰阴性菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率最低,临床上应加强对患者的病原菌培养,指导临床用药。     

Contributions of the T cell receptor-associated CD3gamma-ITAM to thymocyte selection

Immature bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (BMDCs) are induced to undergo phenotypic maturation and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-10 when pulsed in vitro with intact Streptococcus pneumoniae. After transfer to naive mice, pulsed BMDCs induce immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype responses specific for both protein and polysaccharide pneumococcal antigens, having in common the requirement for viable BMDCs, T cells, and B7-dependent costimulation in the recipient mice. Whereas primary Ig isotype responses to bacterial proteins uniformly require BMDC expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD40, and B7, and the secretion of IL-6, but not IL-12, similar requirements for antipolysaccharide Ig responses were only observed for the IgG1 isotype.     

2012—2015年1380株肝移植术后感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解江苏省人民医院肝移植术后感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法对2012年1月—2015年1月江苏省人民医院肝移植术后感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行统计分析。结果共分离出病原菌1 380株,主要来源于痰液标本。病原菌分布以革兰阴性菌为主,占69.57%,革兰阳性菌和真菌分别占20.07%、10.36%;其中革兰阴性菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌以溶血葡萄球菌为主;革兰阴性菌对美罗培南、阿米卡星、亚胺培南较为敏感,耐药率均低于30%,对头孢曲松、氨曲南等的耐药率均较高;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁较为敏感,耐药率均低于20%,对氨苄西林、诺氟沙星等耐药率均较高。结论肝移植术后感染病原菌的构成主要是鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和溶血葡萄球菌,临床选择抗菌药物时建议选用病原菌表现较低耐药性的美罗培南、阿米卡星、万古霉素、利奈唑胺等药物。     

清热合剂对上呼吸道感染常见致病菌的体外抑菌试验

目的观察清热合剂对上呼吸道感染常见致病菌的体外抑菌活性。方法上呼吸道感染常见致病菌163株中不产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)革兰阴性菌74株(大肠埃希菌33株,肺炎克雷伯菌24株,铜绿假单胞菌17株);产ESBLs革兰阴性菌10株(大肠埃希菌6株,肺炎克雷伯菌4株);革兰阳性菌79株[耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)11株、甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)46株,肺炎链球菌22株]。采用琼脂稀释法对清热合剂进行定量抑菌试验,配制含有不同药物浓度的琼脂平板,在平板上接种待测菌株菌悬液,孵育后观察含药平板,记录最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果清热合剂对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌等革兰阴性菌的MIC90分别为88、176、22 g/L,其对产ESBLs与不产ESBLs革兰阴性菌的抑菌效果一致;不同浓度药物对铜绿假单胞菌的累积抑菌率均最高。清热合剂对MSSA、MRSA和肺炎链球菌等革兰阳性菌的MIC90分别为11、11、22 g/L,MRSA的MIC90与MSSA相同,但MIC50略高于MSSA;不同浓度药物对MSSA和MRSA的累积抑菌率均高于肺炎链球菌,对MSSA与MRSA的累积抑菌率相近。结论清热合剂对上呼吸道感染常见的致病菌除肺炎克雷伯菌之外均有一定的抑菌作用,对革兰阳性菌的抑菌效果明显优于革兰阴性菌。     

526株临床感染病原菌的耐药性监测分析

目的监测福鼎市医院2005年度临床感染病原菌的耐药状况，为本地区医院感染的流行病学调查及临床合理用药提供依据。方法应用回顾性统计分析2005年度本院各临床标本中分离的病原菌对常用抗生素的耐药情况。结果共分离出病原菌526株，其中革兰阴性杆菌265株，占50．4％；真菌130株，占24．7％；革兰阳性球菌115株，占21．9％。各菌属对常用抗生素的耐药率有差异，大肠杆菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率最低为11％；克雷伯菌属对氧氟沙星的耐药率最低为31％；假单胞菌属对环丙沙星的耐药率最低为40％；不动杆菌属对头孢他啶的耐药率最低为32％；肠杆菌属对呋喃妥因的耐药率最低为29％。未发现耐万古霉素的葡萄球菌，呋喃妥因对葡萄球菌有较好的抗菌活性。结论临床常见病原菌对常用抗菌药物呈高耐药率，且有逐年增高的趋势，医院应重视细菌耐药性监测，合理使用和控制滥用抗生素。     

Development of DNA polymerase IIIC inhibitors for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections

Gram-positive (Gm⁺) bacteria express three distinct DNA polymerase-exonucleases. One of these, Gm⁺ DNA polymerase IIIC (DNA pol IIIC), is a highly conserved enzyme with little homology to mammalian DNA polymerase α and Gram-negative (Gm^–) DNA polymerases. DNA pol IIIC has been shown to be essential in the replicative DNA synthesis of Gm⁺ bacteria and, as such, represents an attractive, hitherto unexploited target for antimicrobial drug development. This article briefly reviews claims for DNA pol IIIC inhibitors for the treatment of bacterial infections, registered during the period 1996 – 2004. Biological data are sparse in these patents and few claims are backed up with in vivo animal model data. Although DNA pol IIIC has clearly been validated as a bona fide target for antimicrobial drug development, the effectiveness of such an agent in the clinic, particularly against resistant strains of Gm⁺ bacteria, remains to be determined.     

Genetics of Fungi Pathogenic for Man

Abstract

Great strides have been made in research on fungi pathogenic to man and animal during the last three decades, but little progress has been made in the genetics of these microorganisms. The principal reason for such a delay in genetic research is that mechanisms for genetic recombination were not known to exist in most of the pathogens.¹ It was not until the early part of the last decade that the parasexual cycle in Aspergillus fumigatus² and heterothallism in several ringworm fungi were discovered.^3-8 The reports of heterothallism in dermatophytes stimulated medical mycologists to search for the perfect state in systemic pathogens. Within the last 5 years, heterothallism has been discovered in Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histo-plasma capsulatum, and Geotrichum candidum.^9-11 Although for the last 10 years steady progress has been made employing these fungi as genetic tools, our knowledge of the genetics of human pathogenic fungi is fragmentary compared with what is known about the saprophytes and plant pathogens. This review is restricted to the results of recent genetic studies on true fungi pathogenic to man and animals. Although pathogenic fungi, by broad definition, might include those producing poisonous effects upon ingestion and those which cause disease only rarely and under special circumstances, this review is devoted only to those fungi generally recognized as pathogens for man. An understanding of the basic principles of mycology and genetics is assumed.