Anatomical study of the ventral neurovascular structures and hypoglossal canal for the surgery of the upper cervical spine

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anatomical relationship between the bony structures and ventral neurovascular structures around craniovertebral junction (CVJ).Eleven fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were dissected around CVJ. The anatomical relationships were evaluated between C1 bony structures (midline, lateral margin of the C1 lateral mass (LM) and C1 transverse process (TP)) and ventral neurovascular structure such as ICA and HN. Morphometric evaluation of occipital condyle was also performed.The diameter of the HN and the ICA was 2.4 ± 0.5 mm and 5.1 ± 0.2 mm. The ICA was located lateral to the C1 LM in 44.4% (ICA Group 1) and in front of lateral half of the C1 LM in 55.6% (ICA Group 2). The HN was located lateral to the C1 LM in 85% (HN Group 1) and in front of lateral half of the C1 LM in 15% (HN Group 2). HN Group 2 was significantly more common in ICA Group 2 (p < 0.05, OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.07–3.71). There was significant correlation between ICA and HN in terms of the distance from the midline, C1 LM and TP (r = 0.67, 0.87 and 0.76 respectively, P < 0.01).In conclusion, the HN location is related with ICA location and the medially located ICA is a risk factor of the HN located ventral to the C1 LM. These results demonstrate the vulnerability of the neurovascular structures during CVJ surgery and suggest that preoperative 3D-CTA or enhanced CT scan can be useful in guiding surgical technique.     

Siewert Ⅱ型食管胃结合部腺癌的治疗策略

食管胃结合部癌（EGJ）发病率逐年升高,且Siewert Ⅱ型食管胃结合部腺癌（AEG）的治疗仍然存在较大争议。其核心问题主要围绕食管切缘和胃切除范围、淋巴结清扫范围及消化道重建方式等方面。随着国内外针对Siewert Ⅱ型AEG不断进行多学科讨论学习与验证,Siewert Ⅱ型AEG的诊疗思路日益完善和规范。我国亦通过多中心试验（CLASS-10等）不断探究Siewert Ⅱ型AEG治疗的规范化道路。相信随着越来越多的大型前瞻性临床研究的积极推进,为各学科之间的沟通合作与新技术的创新带来更多融合的可能,能够给予患者更多的生存获益。     

The effectiveness of the Keeping the Body in Mind Xtend pilot lifestyle program on dietary intake in first-episode psychosis: Two-year outcomes

BackgroundSevere mental illness is characterised by a 15-year mortality gap driven by cardiometabolic disease. Antipsychotic treatment leads to increased appetite and rapid weight gain. The 12-week lifestyle pilot intervention improved dietary intake and prevented antipsychotic-induced weight gain. Here we report two-year outcomes.MethodParticipants were exposed to an extended program. Weight and waist circumference were measured, and food frequency questionnaire completed.ResultsDiet quality was higher, and discretionary food intake was 40% lower, at two-years compared to baseline. Weight and waist-circumference did not increase.ConclusionThis pilot study demonstrated sustained effectiveness of a dietetic intervention in youth with first-episode psychosis with improvements in diet quality and no increase in weight secondary to antipsychotic medication initiation.     

Quantification of Pediatric Cervical Spine Growth at the Cranio-Vertebral Junction

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate morphological change at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) region using computed tomography.

Methods

A total of 238 patients were included in this study, and mean age was 47.8±21.3 months. Spinal canal diameter, Power''s ratio, McRae line, antero-posterior C1 ring height, atlantoaxial joint space, C2 growth, epidural space from the dens (M-PB-C2) and longitudinal distance (basion to C2 lower margin, B-C2) were measured. The mean value of each parameter was assessed for individual age groups. The cohorts were then divided into three larger age groups : infancy (I) (≤2 years), very early (VE) childhood (2-5 years) and early (E) childhood (5≥ years).

Results

Spinal canal diameter increased with age; however, this value did not increase with statistical significance after VE age. A significant age-related difference was found for all C2 body and odontoid parameters (p<0.05). Mean McRae line was 8.5, 8, and 7.5 mm in the I, VE, and E groups, respectively. The M-PB-C2 line showed up-and-down dynamic change during early pediatric periods.

Conclusion

Expansion of the spinal canal was restricted to the very early childhood period (less than 5 years) in the CVJ region; however, the C2 body and odontoid process increased continuously with age. The above results induced a dynamic change in the M-PB-C2 line. Although C2 longitudinal growth continued with age, the McRae line showed relatively little change.     

UPJO手术中双J管置入膀胱失败的危险因素分析

目的分析肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(ureteropelvic junction obstruction,UPJO)患儿双J管置入膀胱失败的危险因素,为选择合适的治疗方法提供依据。方法回顾性收集山西省儿童医院2012年6月至2017年9月因UPJO行离断性肾盂输尿管再吻合术的96例患儿作为研究对象,年龄3个月至12岁,男78例,女18例。左侧60例,右侧23例,双侧13例。依据术中双J管置入成功与否分为成功组(n=74)和失败组(n=22)。结果失败组和成功组输尿管远端狭窄的比例分别是8/22(36.4%)和0/74(0.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=29.350,P<0.001)。失败组与成功组合并对侧肾积水的比例分别为7/22(31.8%)和7/74(9.6%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.648,P=0.010)。泌尿系统感染史、输尿管操作史、合并肾发育不良和腹痛史在两组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论双J管通过受阻时要考虑输尿管膀胱交界处狭窄,UPJO合并对侧肾积水预示着双J管置入失败的概率增大,治疗上宜选择传统的肾造瘘术。     

Endoscopic endonasal approaches to the craniovertebral junction: The Otolaryngologist's perspective

ObjectiveTo review indications and techniques for the endoscopic endonasal approach to the craniovertebral junction (CVJ), analyze postoperative outcomes, and discuss important technical considerations.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on all patients undergoing endonasal endoscopic approaches to the CVJ from May 2007 to June 2017. Demographic information, presenting symptoms, imaging results, treatment course, postoperative functional status, and follow-up were recorded.ResultsThere was a total of 30 patients in this series, with a mean follow-up of 11.7 months. The average age was 33.6 years (range, 5–75 years), with 18 females and 12 males. The majority of patients (n = 22, 73.3%) had Chiari malformation type 1 with basilar invagination and symptomatic cervicomedullary compression as the indication for surgery. Intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF) was noted in 3 cases of odontoid resection and a single case of skull base resection. There were no postoperative CSF leaks. Overall, 81% of patients resumed regular diet by post-operative day 2 (range, 0–8 days). Severe postoperative dysphagia occurred in two cases with one requiring gastrostomy tube placement and another utilizing total parenteral nutrition for support prior to eventual gastrostomy. On average, patients were extubated by postoperative day 0.93 (range 0–3 days), with 85% extubated by postoperative day 1. A tracheotomy was required in one patient.ConclusionThe endonasal endoscopic approach is a valuable technique for access to the CVJ with minimal disruption of respiratory and alimentary function.     

Intraoperative aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage after rupture of a previously undiagnosed intracranial aneurysm during Chiari decompression

A type I Chiari malformation occurs when caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils below the level of the foramen magnum obstructs the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cranial and spinal spaces, a condition that often needs surgical decompression to restore normal CSF circulation. Abrupt changes in CSF flow dynamics after Chiari decompression can affect the intracranial CSF dynamics to the extent that a previously undiagnosed intracranial aneurysm remote from the site can rupture. The authors describe the development of an intraoperative aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage that occurred as a result of spontaneous rupture of a previously undiagnosed right distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery in a 57-year-old woman with type I Chiari malformation who was undergoing surgical decompression. The mechanism of the aneurysmal rupture appears to be related to the changes of CSF flow dynamics during surgical decompression. Normally, pressure equilibrium between the two sides of the aneurysmal wall prevents its rupture, but factors that significantly affect this equilibrium, such as systemic hypertension, can cause the aneurysm to rupture. To our knowledge, the concept of spontaneous intraoperative rupture of intracranial aneurysm remote from the site of surgery has been described twice previously but under different scenarios. This scenario, to our knowledge, has not been previously described.