Title: Differentiating the effects of whey protein and guar gum preloads on postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes

Background and aimsWhey protein and guar gum have both been reported to reduce postprandial glycemia in health and type 2 diabetes, associated with stimulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and/or slowing of gastric emptying. Our aim was to evaluate, in type 2 diabetes, the acute effects of low dose “preloads” of whey and guar, given alone or in combination before a meal, on postprandial glycemia, insulin, GLP-1, and gastric emptying.Methods21 patients with type 2 diabetes, managed by diet or metformin alone, were each studied on 4 days. They received a preload “shake” 15min before a mashed potato meal (368.5 kcal) labeled with ¹³C-octanoic-acid. The preloads comprised either (i) 17 g whey (W), (ii) 5 g guar (G), (iii) 17 g whey + 5 g guar (WG) each sweetened with 60 mg sucralose, and (iv) 60 mg sucralose alone (control; C), all dissolved in 150 mL water. Venous blood was sampled frequently for measurements of glucose, insulin, and GLP-1 concentrations. Gastric half-emptying time (T50) was calculated from breath ¹³CO₂ excretion over 240 min.ResultsPostprandial blood glucose concentrations were lower with W and WG compared to C (each P < 0.0001, treatment × time interaction), and lower after G than C only at 30min. Insulin, GLP-1, and glucagon concentrations were higher after W than WG, G, or C (P < 0.05, treatment × time interaction), without differences between the latter three. Gastric emptying was slower with W (T50: 179.6 ± 6.1 min, P < 0.05) and WG (T50: 197.6 ± 9.7 min, P < 0.0001) when compared to C (T50: 162.9 ± 6.2 min), but did not differ between G (T50: 171.3 ± 7.0) and C (P > 0.99).ConclusionBoth whey and whey/guar preloads reduced postprandial glycemia, associated with slowing of gastric emptying. Low dose guar was less effective as a preload for glucose-lowering and did not slow gastric emptying.Clinical Trial Registry number and websiteAustralian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Trial ID ACTRN12615001272583, http://www.anzctr.org.au     

附着龈重建应用于口腔种植修复中的临床效果观察

目的探讨附着龈重建应用于口腔种植修复中的临床效果。方法将本院于2016年10月-2018年10月期间收治的行口腔种植修复治疗的附着龈缺失患者82例作为研究资料,依据治疗方案分组,对照组为传统修复治疗方案,观察组采用附着龈重建治疗修复方案,各41例,评价两组术后不同阶段附着龈宽度、龈缘外形及附着点重建改善效果,并评价患者评价治疗满意度。结果术后3个月观察组患者附着龈宽度改善Ⅲ级率56.10%明显高于对照组0.00%,龈缘外形与附着点重建Ⅲ级率60.98%明显高于对照组0.00%(P <0.05);术后6个月观察组患者附着龈宽度改善Ⅲ级率75.61%明显高于对照组0.00%,龈缘外形与附着点重建Ⅲ级率73.17%明显高于对照组0.00%(P <0.05);观察组治疗满意度97.56%与对照组70.73%比较明显更高(P <0.05)。结论针对行口腔种植修复治疗的附着龈缺失患者采用附着龈重建治疗修复方案利于快速恢复附着龈增加宽度,改善龈缘外形及附着点重建效果,获得患者的高度满意度,治疗价值较高。     

Nanotechnology-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of Streptococcus mutans-derived dental caries

BackgroundDental caries results from long-term acid production when sugar is metabolized by a bacterial biofilm, resulting in a loss of calcium and phosphate from the enamel. Streptococcus mutans is a type of acid-producing bacteria and a virulent contributor to oral biofilms. Conventional treatment options, such as cefazolin and ampicillin, have significant levels of bacterial resistance. Other topical agents, such as fluoride, tend to be washed away by saliva, resulting in low therapeutic efficacy.HighlightThis review aims to highlight the solubility issues that plague poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents, various novel polymeric, and lipid-based nanotechnology systems that aim to improve the retention of therapeutic agents in the oral cavity.ConclusionIn this review, different formulation types demonstrated improved therapeutic outcomes by enhancing drug solubility, promoting penetration into the deep layers of the biofilm, facilitating prolonged residence time in the buccal cavity, and reducing the emergence of drug-resistant phenotypes. These formulations have a strong potential to give new life to therapeutic agents that have limited physicochemical characteristics.     

Influence of decrease in the muscle activity during mastication on occurrence of the Stage II transport

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that in the process from food ingestion to swallowing, intentional decrease in the muscle activity during mastication would affect the number of chewing strokes, and thus the occurrence of Stage II transport (St2Tr) or the number of swallowing.

不同浓度复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星牙栓的体外抑菌作用的实验研究

目的：观察5种不同浓度（10g／L、20g／L、50g／L、100g／L、200g／L）的复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星牙栓的体外抑菌作用。方法：采用Kirby—Bauer纸片扩散法测定5种不同浓度的复方牙栓对牙周主要可疑致病菌的抑菌作用。结果：不同浓度的复方牙栓对牙龈卟啉单胞菌、具核梭杆菌、中间普氏菌、消化链球菌、变形链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌均有一定的抑菌作用。7种菌株间的抑菌圈直径不同、5种不同药物浓度之间的抑菌圈直径也不同，并且菌株和药物浓度两个因素之间存在交互作用（P〈0．001）。上述7种菌株间的F值分别为：91．391、170．431、255．187、143．636、211．839、347．639、580．238（P〈0．001），具有显著性差异。结论：5种不同浓度的复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星牙栓在体外均有明显的抑菌作用，以200g／L的给药浓度的抑菌效果最强。     

The effect of disinfectants on the properties of dental gypsum: 1. Mechanical properties

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of selected disinfectants incorporated in the liquid of dental stones on material strength properties with the aim of developing a material with acceptable mechanical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two types of dental stone (types III and V) were mixed with aqueous solutions of 0.525% sodium hypochlorite, 0.1% and 10% povidone-iodine, and 2% glutaraldehyde, and with water as a control. The liquid/powder ratios recommended by the manufacturer were used. These materials were subjected to further modification by adding a mixture of 1.0% gum arabic and 0.132% calcium hydroxide to the hemihydrate powders before mixing with the disinfectant solutions at 2 different liquid/powder ratios for each. Both the regular and the modified materials were tested for compressive and diametral tensile strength after 1 hour and 1 week from the start of the mix. The structure of set materials was determined by scanning electron microscopy examination of fracture surfaces. RESULTS: The disinfectants often reduced the strength of both types of dental stone. However, using either 0.1% povidone-iodine or 0.525% sodium hypochlorite resulted in strength values comparable with that of the control. The addition of gum arabic and calcium hydroxide helped reduce the mixing liquid/powder ratios, improving the strength properties of the disinfected materials. CONCLUSIONS: Chemical disinfectants reduce the strength of dental gypsum when used as mixing water substitutes. Gum arabic and calcium hydroxide additives permit a lower liquid/powder ratio and can help offset this weakening.     

咀嚼无糖口香糖对含漱蔗糖溶液后牙菌斑原位pH值的影响

目的 通过对牙菌斑原位pH值变化的动态监测，观察咀嚼无糖口香糖对牙菌斑原位pH值的影响。方法 采用受试者自身对照的临床试验方法，选择16名健康成人志愿者为受试者，年龄23～32岁，其中男性6名，女性10名。首先测定受试者48h菌斑的静止pH值，以及受试者用10％蔗糖溶液含漱1min后在5、10、20和30min时菌斑的pH值，取得受试者的Stephan曲线作为基线对照；而后观察咀嚼两种益达无糖口香糖对含漱10％蔗糖溶液后菌斑pH值变化的影响。菌斑原位pH值的测定采用pH微电极接触法在口内直接测量。结果 含漱10％蔗糖溶液后立即开始咀嚼无糖口香糖可使菌斑pH值在各检测时间点(含漱10％蔗糖溶液后5、10、20和30min)均维持在静止pH水平，无明显下降；含漱10％蔗糖溶液后在5min时开始咀嚼无糖口香糖则使菌斑pH值从含漱蔗糖溶液后5min时的5．59迅速回升至10min时的6．98。结论 受到蔗糖攻击后，咀嚼无糖口香糖可迅速缓冲菌斑的酸性产物，升高菌斑pH值。     

咀嚼绿茶多酚胶姆糖对唾液流率及pH值的影响

目的:探讨咀嚼绿茶多酚胶姆糖对唾液分泌及pH值的影响。方法:选取8例受试者,分别检测咀嚼绿茶多酚胶姆糖和对照胶姆糖前后不同时间唾液的流率和pH值。应用单因素方差分析和SNK法进行相关分析。结果:咀嚼2种胶姆糖3min内,唾液流率显著增加,在第1min时达到峰值,实验组和对照组分别为(3.15±1.05)ml和(3.30±0.87)ml。唾液pH值也不断上升,但是与唾液分泌的峰值并非在同一时间,2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:咀嚼胶姆糖能促进唾液分泌,提高pH值,有益于口腔健康。