哺乳期乳腺脓肿患者经超声引导下细针穿刺冲洗术后回乳的影响因素分析

目的探讨采用超声引导下细针穿刺冲洗术治疗乳腺脓肿的效果，分析影响治疗后患者回乳的相关因素。 方法回顾性分析2016年1～12月北京市海淀区妇幼保健院乳腺病防治中心应用超声引导下细针穿刺冲洗术治疗的799例哺乳期乳腺脓肿患者的临床资料。从患者穿刺次数、产后时间、是否使用抗生素和脓肿位置等方面，采用χ²检验进行单因素分析，采用非条件Logistic回归模型分析各因素与回乳的关系。 结果799例患者中有753例通过超声引导下细针穿刺冲洗术治愈，治愈率为94.2%(753/799)。治疗后回乳的患者有75例，回乳率为9.4%(75/799)。单因素分析显示，回乳与产后时间，抗生素的使用，穿刺次数和脓肿位置有关(χ²＝7.159、7.794、39.394、21.243，P＝0.007、0.005和P<0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示，穿刺次数(OR＝6.442，95% CI：1.851～22.420，P＝0.003，)和中央区脓肿(OR＝2.643，95% CI：1.480～4.721，P＝0.001)是导致回乳的危险因素，而产后时间长是回乳的保护因素(OR＝0.540，95% CI：0.315～0.927，P＝0.025)。 结论超声引导下细针穿刺冲洗术治疗哺乳期乳腺脓肿的治愈率高，回乳率低，具有良好的临床应用价值。产后42 d内发病、穿刺次数多和中央区脓肿更容易导致患者回乳。     

Imaging chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effects following tumor‐selective acidification using lonidamine

Increased lactate production through glycolysis in aerobic conditions is a hallmark of cancer. Some anticancer drugs have been designed to exploit elevated glycolysis in cancer cells. For example, lonidamine (LND) inhibits lactate transport, leading to intracellular acidification in cancer cells. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a novel MRI contrast mechanism that is dependent on intracellular pH. Amine and amide concentration‐independent detection (AACID) and apparent amide proton transfer (APT*) represent two recently developed CEST contrast parameters that are sensitive to pH. The goal of this study was to compare the sensitivity of AACID and APT* for the detection of tumor‐selective acidification after LND injection. Using a 9.4‐T MRI scanner, CEST data were acquired in mice approximately 14 days after the implantation of 10⁵ U87 human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells in the brain, before and after the administration of LND (dose, 50 or 100 mg/kg). Significant dose‐dependent LND‐induced changes in the measured CEST parameters were detected in brain regions spatially correlated with implanted tumors. Importantly, no changes were observed in T₁‐ and T₂‐weighted images acquired before and after LND treatment. The AACID and APT* contrast measured before and after LND injection exhibited similar pH sensitivity. Interestingly, LND‐induced contrast maps showed increased heterogeneity compared with pre‐injection CEST maps. These results demonstrate that CEST contrast changes after the administration of LND could help to localize brain cancer and monitor tumor response to chemotherapy within 1 h of treatment. The LND CEST experiment uses an anticancer drug to induce a metabolic change detectable by endogenous MRI contrast, and therefore represents a unique cancer detection paradigm which differs from other current molecular imaging techniques that require the injection of an imaging contrast agent or tracer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

功能锻炼联合中药薰洗和手法在前交叉韧带重建术后康复治疗中的应用

目的:研究功能锻炼联合中药薰洗和手法在前交叉韧带重建术后康复治疗中的应用。方法:选取2013年3月至2014年2月在本院行前交叉韧带重建术后康复治疗的70例患者,按照随机数表法分为试验组和对照组,每组35例。对照组采取功能锻炼法进行治疗,试验组在此基础上联合中药熏洗和手法进行治疗。比较2组患者在术前、术后6个月的HSS膝关节功能评分、膝关节疼痛视觉模拟评分、关节活动度、患肢大腿围度、关节肌肉力量变化情况。结果:治疗后,试验组的优良率88.57%(31/35)高于对照组54.28%(19/35)(P0.05)。术后6个月,试验组的HSS膝关节功能评分(93.15±1.11)分高于对照组(84.36±2.56)分,疼痛视觉模拟评分(1.94±0.24)分低于对照组(3.56±0.52)分,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组的关节活动度(121.14±13.56)度高于对照组(107.32±12.11)度,健、患侧大腿围度差(1.84±0.21)cm低于对照组(2.21±0.45)cm,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。试验组的股四头肌峰力矩、蝈绳肌峰力矩、股四头肌总功、蝈绳肌总功[(73.24±7.32)N·m、(46.32±6.15)N·m、(674.36±45.22)J、(654.61±42.15)J]高于对照组[(51.43±5.19)N·m、(33.56±3.67)N·m、(542.15±34.32)J、(514.24±23.56)J](P0.05)。结论:在前交叉韧带重建术后康复治疗中采取中药熏洗与手法并结合功能锻炼的方式,可改善膝关节疼痛感和活动度,促进膝关节功能的恢复,效果良好。     

中国富血小板血浆临床制备方法的研究进展

自体富血小板血浆(PRP)是一种通过离心的方法从自体血中提取出来的血小板浓缩物。近20年来,已经被广泛应用于多种学科,如骨科、口腔颌面外科、整形美容科等。然而,至今,PRP的临床制作方法还没有统一标准,不同的制作方法导致PRP的成分以及临床疗效不同,给临床医务工作者应用PRP造成了诸多困扰。通过检索和分析中国已发表有关PRP制备的文献(中文和英文)发现,国内PRP临床制备方法差异性较大,包括采血量、离心设备、离心次数、离心力、离心时间和PRP制备量等。PRP中血小板富集度和回收率,白细胞浓度等指标也不稳定,亟需更高质量的研究或指南来规范和指导临床PRP的制备。     

Levels of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior During and After Hospitalization: A Systematic Review

ObjectivesTo systematically review and synthesize the evidence on physical activity and sedentary behavior during and after hospitalization.Data SourcesElectronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from 2000 to April 2020.Study SelectionStudies which continuously monitored physical activity and/or sedentary behavior in hospitalized adults across 2 settings (ie, without a break in measurement between settings). Monitoring could occur from an acute to a subacute or rehabilitation hospital setting, an acute setting to home, or from a subacute or rehabilitation setting to home.Date ExtractionData extraction and methodological quality assessments were independently performed by 2 reviewers using standardized checklists.Data SynthesisA total of 15 of the 5579 studies identified were included. The studies were composed of heterogenous patient populations. All studies monitored patients with either an accelerometer and/or pedometer and reported a variety of measures, including steps per day, sedentary time, and activity counts. The majority of studies (12 of 15) showed that patients engaged in 1.3 to 5.9 times more physical activity and up to 67% less daily sedentary behavior at home after discharge from acute or subacute settings.ConclusionsPatients engaged in more physical activity and less sedentary behavior at home compared to both the acute and subacute hospital settings. This may reflect the natural course of recovery or the effect of setting on activity levels. Enabling early discharge home through the implementation of home-hospitalization models may result in increased patient physical activity and reduced sedentary behavior. Further experimental studies are required investigating the effect of home-based models of care on physical activity and sedentary behavior.     

A Method for Standardizing Procedures in Rehabilitation: Use in the Extremity Constraint Induced Therapy Evaluation Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial

Morris DM, Taub E, Macrina DM, Cook EW, Geiger BF. A method for standardizing procedures in rehabilitation: use in the Extremity Constraint Induced Therapy Evaluation multisite randomized controlled trial.

Objective

An enduring problem in the field of rehabilitation has been the lack of standardization in the protocols of treatments and tests. To develop a process evaluation method to standardize the administration of rehabilitation procedures used in the Extremity Constraint Induced Therapy Evaluation (EXCITE) Trial, a randomized controlled trial of upper-extremity constraint-induced therapy implemented across 7 sites.

Design

Process evaluation.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Participants

Convenience sample or research personnel.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Checklist scoring sheets were developed to rate videotapes using systematic application of prescribed steps for each of 5 procedures across 3 time periods. Time periods were immediately after training, and 1 and 2 years later. A performance score of at least 90% was required before individual research personnel were allowed to participate in the trial.

Results

Overall performance scores ranged from 85.8% to 95% of performance items correctly executed. There was a significant improvement in standard performance of procedures between the first time period (immediately after training) and each of the subsequent time periods for all but 1 procedure. The scoring of standardized performance when carried out with routine participant testing and training did not differ significantly from scoring from videotaped sessions submitted for standardization rating for 2 of the procedures, suggesting adequate validity of scoring from videotape.

Conclusions

The present method was successful in assessing protocol fidelity for the EXCITE research personnel and represents 1 means of addressing the longstanding problem in rehabilitation of the lack of standardization in administering different treatments and tests.     

抗生素微生物检定法中滴加抗生素溶液方法的研究

目的：探索一种加样方法,用于抗生素微生物检定法中滴加抗生素溶液。方法：根据抗生素微生物检定法实验原理,通过对加样误差来源的分析,比较实验生物统计结果,筛选最佳滴加溶液方法。结果与结论：用微量移液器加样,定量270μL（以下称本方法）,其速度快、间隔时间短、加样量准确、减少实验误差,生物检定统计可靠性测验获得较好的结果,是抗生素微生物检定法实验中较好的加样方法。     

不同吸痰方式对颅脑损伤患者肺功能及肺感染的影响

目的分析不同吸痰方式对于颅脑损伤患者肺功能及肺感染的影响。方法 2012-10-2013-03于我院住院治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者63例,随机分为联合吸痰组(32例)和常规吸痰组(31例),分析联合吸痰组和常规吸痰组心率、呼吸次数、日吸痰量、痰黏稠度、不同时间氧分压、二氧化碳分压、PaO2/FiO2、黏膜出血发生率及肺部感染发生率。结果联合吸痰组和常规吸痰组心率及呼吸次数差别无统计学意义(P0.05);联合吸痰组的日吸痰量为(85.71±4.13)mL,常规吸痰组的日吸痰量为(62.26±6.97)mL,联合吸痰组的日吸痰量显著高于常规吸痰组(P0.05);联合吸痰组的痰液黏稠度显著低于常规吸痰组(P0.05);联合吸痰组第1、3、7天的氧分压、PaO2/FiO2均显著高于常规吸痰组(P0.05),二氧化碳分压显著低于常规吸痰组(P0.05);联合吸痰组的黏膜出血发生率及肺部感染发生率显著低于常规吸痰组(P0.05)。结论支气管镜灌洗联合浅部吸痰能够改善颅脑损伤患者的通气、换气功能,减少气道黏膜损伤,控制肺部感染,护理工作离不开临床医师配合,支气管镜灌洗联合浅部吸痰用于颅脑损伤患者是新型护理与临床结合的模式。     

医案的源流发展与研究概述

医案是中医学的宝库,具有重大的研究价值。作者概述了医案的源流发展,总结了医案的研究方法,并分析了医案研究未来的发展方向。