Paediatric pulmonary actinomycosis: A forgotten disease

Actinomycosis is a rare, indolent and invasive infection caused by Actinomyces species. Actinomycosis develops when there is disruption of the mucosal barrier, and invasion and systemic spread of the organism, which can lead to endogenous infection affecting numerous organs. It is known to spread in tissue through fascial planes and most often involves the cervicofacial (55%), abdominopelvic (20%) and thoracic (15%) soft tissue. Pulmonary actinomycosis is rare in patients under the age of five years, with the median reported age in the fifth decade. Clinical findings include chest wall mass (49%), cough (40%), pain (back, chest, shoulders) (36%), weight loss (19%), fever (19%), Draining sinuses (15%) and hemoptysis (9%). Chest x-ray findings in pulmonary actinomycosis are mostly nonspecific and can overlap with pulmonary tuberculosis, foreign body aspiration and malignancy. Endobronchial tissue aggregates may show sulphur granules, with yellow to white conglomerate areas of gram positive Actinomyces. Removal or biopsy of these large endobronchial masses must be done with care, because of the risk of bleeding and large airway obstruction. The cytology on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may show Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) positive stain, ZN negative and Gram-positive filamentous bacilli which is morphologically suggestive of Actinomycosis. Actinomyces spp is highly susceptible to beta lactam antibiotics, penicillin G, and amoxicillin. A minimum of 3–6 months is needed but up to 20 months of treatment may be needed. Early diagnosis and correct treatment can lead to a good prognosis with a low mortality.     

纤维支气管镜在PICU重症肺炎患儿治疗中的效果分析

目的分析纤维支气管镜应用于PICU重症肺炎患儿治疗中的效果。方法将我院于2019年9月至2021年6月收治的80例重症肺炎患儿分为2组,即观察组和对照组,对照组予以抗生素、氧疗、止咳祛痰等常规治疗,观察组另予纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗,观察疗效、住院天数、总热程、肺部感染评分(CPIS)变化、白细胞计数(WBC)变化、咳嗽好转时间、啰音消失时间等,统计灌洗治疗前后并发症;择取两组致病菌均为腺病毒患儿进行二次分组--灌洗组及未灌洗组,比较两组疗效、咳嗽好转时间、啰音消失时间、住院时间、总热程,观察支气管镜对腺病毒感染者治疗效果。结果观察组疗效优于对照组,差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05);灌洗组疗效与未灌洗组基本相当(P>0.05)。观察组WBC、CPIS得分均显著低于对照组,总热程、咳嗽有效控制时间、肺部湿啰音消失时间、住院总天数均明显短于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);灌洗组咳嗽控制时间短于未灌洗组(P<0.05),但总热程、啰音消失时间及住院天数与未灌洗组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。灌洗并发症发生率为20.00%,均好转。结论PICU重症肺炎患儿应用纤维支气管镜治疗安全可靠,能明显改善患儿当前症状,但对腺病毒导致的重症肺炎收效甚微。     

Reproducibility of peripheral branches in virtual bronchoscopic navigation using VINCENT and LungPoint software for peripheral lung lesions

BackgroundRecently, virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) has become frequently used for the pathological specimen collection of peripheral lung lesions using various VBN software packages. Herein, we examined the reproducibility of peripheral branches in VBN software using LungPoint and VINCENT versions 4.0 and 5.5.MethodsThis study included patients suspected of malignant peripheral lung lesions who underwent bronchoscopy at our hospital from February 2016 to April 2017. Computed tomography was taken at a thickness of 1.25 mm in all cases, and VB images were created based on the computed tomography data using LungPoint, or VINCENT version 4.0 or 5.5. One observer read the program-generated VB images and compared how many branches could be visualized with the lobe bronchus as the primary branch.ResultsA total of 129 patients (n = 131 lesions) underwent bronchoscopy, with 82 cases of primary lung cancer. Pathological bronchoscopic diagnosis was done in 63 cases, resulting to a diagnostic rate of 76.8%. VB images generated by LungPoint, and VINCENT versions 4.0 and 5.5 reproduced an average of 4.3, 3.47, and 5.12 branches, respectively, with significant differences (p < 0.05) between them.ConclusionsVINCENT version 5.5 exhibits better reproducibility of peripheral branches than LungPoint for VBN.     

Utility of bronchoscopy in immunocompromised paediatric patients: Systematic review

PurposeThe objective of this study was to describe the diagnostic yield and safety of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the evaluation of pulmonary lesions in immunocompromised children.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of literature published during the past 20 years, searching Medline, Medline EPub, EMBASE, and Scopus. Studies included involved paediatric patients (<18 years) on treatment for an oncological diagnosis or other immune compromise who underwent BAL for evaluation of pulmonary lesions. Only English language publications were included.ResultsIn all, 272 studies were screened and 19 included. All were observational studies with moderate (11/19) or serious (8/19) risk of bias. BAL yielded a potential pathogen in 43% of cases (496/1156). Two papers reported improved diagnostic yield with early BAL (less than 3 days of presentation). A change in patient management after BAL was reported in 53% of cases (275/519). Adverse events were reported in 19% of cases following BAL (193/993) but were generally mild with no procedure-related mortality reported.ConclusionBAL appears to be useful for evaluation of pulmonary lesions in immunocompromised children with generally acceptable safety, though included studies had at least moderate risk of bias. Future prospective studies may provide more definitive estimates of benefit, timing and risk of BAL in this population.     

Analysis of the diagnosis of Japanese patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia using a conditional reprogramming culture

BackgroundPrimary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is diagnosed through multiple methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a high-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVA), immunofluorescence (IF), and genetic testing. A primary cell culture has been recommended to avoid the misdiagnosis of secondary ciliary dyskinesia derived from infection or inflammation and improve diagnostic accuracy. However, primary cells fail to differentiate into ciliated cells through repeated passages. The conditional reprogramming culture (CRC) method, a combination of a Rho-kinase inhibitor and fibroblast feeder cells, has been applied to cystic fibrosis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the value of CRC in diagnosing PCD in Japanese patients.MethodsEleven patients clinically suspected of having PCD were included. Airway epithelial cells were obtained from an endobronchial forceps biopsy and cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI) combined with CRC. Ciliary movement, ultrastructure, and mutated ciliary protein evaluation were performed using HSVA, TEM, and IF, respectively. Genetic testing was performed on some patients.ResultsCRC yielded dense and well-differentiated ciliated cells with a high success rate (～90%). In patients with PCD, the ciliary ultrastructure phenotype (outer dynein arm defects or normal ultrastructure) and IF findings (absence of the mutated ciliary protein) were confirmed after CRC. In DNAH11-mutant cases with normal ultrastructure by TEM, the HSVA revealed stiff and hyperfrequent ciliary beating with low bending capacity in CRC-expanded cells, thereby supporting the diagnosis.ConclusionsCRC could be a potential tool for improving diagnostic accuracy and contributing to future clinical and basic research in PCD.     

地佐辛用于无痛气管镜检查40例临床观察

目的 评价地佐辛在无痛气管镜检查中应用的有效性和安全性.方法 拟行无痛气管镜检查的患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为地佐辛观察组(D组)和舒芬太尼对照组(S组),每组40例.两组患者均行喉罩通气下无痛气管镜检查,D组地佐辛0.1 mg·kg-1,S组舒芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1,静脉滴注,麻醉诱导.观察两组患者麻醉诱导期呛咳反应发生情况;记录麻醉开始前(T0),喉罩置入后即刻(T1),术中(T2),以及术后(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2);记录两组患者气管镜检查持续时间、停药后患者苏醒时间和术后恶心呕吐的发生情况.结果 两组患者各时点血流动力学均较稳定;S组患者诱导期有3例出现轻微的呛咳反应,D组无一例出现呛咳;两组患者苏醒时间[(184.45±22.34)s比(182.57±18.72)s]比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.027,P=0.978).结论 地佐辛可以安全有效的用于无痛气管镜检查,对循环影响较小,无呛咳反应,不增加恶心呕吐发生率,不延长苏醒时间.     

64层螺旋CT多方位重组技术联合仿真内镜技术诊断支气管结核的应用价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT多方位重组(CTMPR)技术联合仿真内镜技术(CTVE)对支气管结核的诊断效能和应用价值。 方法 选取2013年4月至2016年12月河北省胸科医院收治疑似支气管结核患者122例,采用64层螺旋CTMPR和CTVE检查,以纤维支气管镜(FOB)病理学诊断为金标准,衡量其诊断效能。 结果 经FOB最终确定108例支气管结核,CTMPR联合CTVE技术诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为92.6%、71.4%、96.2%、55.5%及90.2%。经FOB最终确定病变类型包括充血水肿型74处,浸润增殖型48处,溃疡肉芽型50处,瘢痕狭窄型46处,共218处;CT诊断相符的204处,符合率93.6%,不同FOB病变分型的CT表现差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经FOB最终确定并发症包括阻塞性肺不张26例、阻塞性肺炎18例、阻塞性肺气肿15例,共59例,CT诊断相符的有56例,符合率94.9%。 结论 64层螺旋CTMPR联合CTVE诊断支气管结核的准确率较高,是临床上重要的无创诊断技术。     

支气管内膜结核37例临床分析及诊断方法学比较

目的探索支气管内膜结核(EBTB)的纤维支气管镜(纤支镜,FB)下类型及诊断方法学。方法分析37例确诊的EBTB患者的临床表现、胸部X线(CT)、纤支镜检查结果,作单纯痰抗酸杆菌培养、钳取病变部位行病理学检查及刷检病变部位涂片找抗酸杆菌,并(或)作抗酸杆菌培养。结果37例中主要症状包括:咳嗽31例,发热9例,咯血10例,胸痛8例,气促5例,消瘦3例。1例出现喘息。3例的X线表现正常,只有1例的CT检查结果提示EBTB。纤支镜检查示37%的病例有炎症浸润型病变,9%有增殖型病变,27%有狭窄闭塞型病变,16%有溃疡型病变,11%大致正常。37例痰涂片行抗酸染色者中4例阳性,37例行活组织检查者中25例证实为结核,37例行纤支镜刷检涂片找抗酸杆菌检查者中33例阳性,另外4例阴性再经刷检病变组织作抗酸杆菌培养均为阳性。这三种诊断方法的检出率分别为11%,68%,89%经Χ2检验,认为这三种不同检查方法的检出率不同,即FB涂片最高,单纯痰菌涂片最低。结论EBTB缺乏特异性临床表现,胸部X线表现正常不能排除EBTB,CT诊断价值不高,单纯痰抗酸杆菌培养检出率低,确诊主要依靠纤支镜检查。对不明原因低热和呼吸道症状经积极治疗无效者,应怀疑EBTB而及时行纤支镜检查。刷检病变组织作抗酸杆菌培养检出率高,但抗酸杆菌培养时间长;镜下常规刷检找抗酸杆菌和组织活检阳性率较高,且简便快捷,值得推广。     

纤维支气管镜下行肺灌洗在治疗创伤性肺不张的临床应用价值

目的探究纤维支气管镜下行肺灌洗在治疗创伤性肺不张的临床应用价值。方法对照组给予常规对症支持治疗及经鼻导管吸痰治疗,观察组在对症支持治疗基础上给予纤维支气管镜下行肺灌洗治疗,观察对比两组临床疗效及术后并发症。结果观察组总有效率为95．6％,明显高于对照组的66．7％（P〈0．05）;1次经纤维支气管镜即可达到肺复张者27例（60．0％）;两组患者治疗过程中均未发生严重并发症。结论对创伤性肺不张患者行纤维支气管镜下行肺灌洗治疗,可有效解除气道堵塞,促进肺复张,改善临床预后。