Estudio retrospectivo acerca de la evolución y el desarrollo de resistencias antimicrobianas en casos diagnosticados de gonorrea en un hospital de nivel terciario en Portugal durante 10 años

BackgroundSexually Transmitted Infections remain a major public health concern worldwide. Although traditionally considered treatable, the emergence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to antimicrobials is currently a serious problem. The goal of this study was to evaluate the incidence and trends of antimicrobial resistance over the last 10 years in N. gonorrhoeae isolates from a Portuguese Centre.MethodsLaboratorial confirmed N. gonorrhoeae infections diagnosed between 2009 and 2018 were evaluated. Susceptibilities to penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and cefotaxime were studied, along with demographic and clinical characteristics.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2018, 440 cases of N. gonorrhoeae infection were diagnosed in our center, with a significant yearly increase (p< 0.05). Most cases occurred in males (97.9%), with a median age of 25 years. In 88.7% of the cases, treatment with ceftriaxone plus azithromycin was used. Resistances to penicillin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin remained high throughout the study period.ConclusionsAntimicrobial resistance of N. gonorrhoeae appeared shortly after the introduction of antimicrobials. To combat this problem, improved surveillance and more studies combining susceptibility and epidemiological data are needed. In our population, N. gonorrhoeae remains highly susceptible to the antibiotics currently recommended for its treatment, whereas ciprofloxacin, azithromycin (in monotherapy) and penicillin should be avoided as empirical treatment.     

槟木香散贴敷神阙穴联合蒙脱石散防治阿奇霉素致胃肠道反应临床研究

目的:观察槟木香散贴敷神阙穴联合蒙脱石散防治阿奇霉素致胃肠道反应的临床效果。方法:根据不同防治措施将163例静脉滴注阿奇霉素的患者分为对照组64例和观察组99例。2组均于静脉滴注阿奇霉素前30 min温水冲服蒙脱石散。观察组于静脉滴注阿奇霉素前30 min将槟木香散调成的药膏贴敷于神阙穴上,持续至滴注完成后2 h。2组均连续观察7天。记录恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等胃肠道反应发生的例数、发生时间和持续时间,并评价胃肠道反应各症状的程度。结果:治疗后,观察组胃肠道反应发生率为8.08%,低于对照组的23.44%(P<0.01)。观察组胃肠道反应程度轻于对照组(P<0.05)。2组胃肠道反应发生时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻持续的时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用槟木香散贴敷神阙穴联合蒙脱石散干预静脉滴注阿奇霉素的患者,可减少胃肠道不良反应的发生率,减轻不良反应程度,促进胃肠道症状的消除。     

Stabilization Mechanism of Roxithromycin Tablets Under Gastric pH Conditions

Macrolide antibiotics are widely used at clinical sites. Clarithromycin (CAM), a 14-membered macrolide antibiotic, was reported to gelate under acidic conditions. Gelation allows oral administration of acid-sensitive CAM without enteric coating by hindering the penetration of gastric fluid into CAM tablets. However, it is unknown whether this phenomenon occurs in other macrolide antibiotics. In this study, we examined the gelation ability of 3 widely used macrolide antibiotics, roxithromycin (RXM), erythromycin A, and azithromycin. The results indicated that not only CAM but also RXM gelated under acidic conditions. Erythromycin A and azithromycin did not gelate under the same conditions. Gelation of RXM delayed the disintegration of the tablet and release of RXM from the tablet. Disintegration and release were also delayed in commercial RXM tablets containing disintegrants. This study showed that 2 of the 4 macrolides gelated, which affects tablet disintegration and dissolution and suggests that this phenomenon might also occur in other macrolides.     

小剂量阿奇霉素联用辛伐他汀治疗慢性阻塞性肺病合并肺动脉高压的系统评价

目的:系统评价小剂量阿奇霉素联用辛伐他汀治疗慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并肺动脉高压(HP)的临床疗效和安全性。方法：计算机检索PubMed、Medline、CNKI、VIP、万方等数据库,手动检索相关杂志、会议论文及学术论文,收集小剂量阿奇霉素联用辛伐他汀治疗COPD合并HP的临床随机对照研究,检索年限为2000年1月至2016年10月。由2名研究者独立提取数据、评价质量,并交叉核对。采用RevMan 5.2 软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入11项研究,943例患者。Meta分析结果显示,剂量阿奇霉素联用辛伐他汀能显著提高COPD合并HP患者FVC [MD=0.50,95%CI(0.40,0.61),P<0.01]、FEV1 [MD=0.31,95%CI(0.24,0.38),P<0.01]、PaO₂ [MD=7.68,95%CI(7.10,8.26),P<0.01]、SaO₂(%) [MD=3.89,95%CI(3.29,4.50),P<0.01]、6MWT[MD= 77.01, 95%CI(72.88 , 81.14),P<0.01],显著降低平均肺动脉压[MD= -1.82,95%CI(- 2.27,- 1.36),P<0.01]和CRP[MD= -8.91, 95%CI(-10.42 , -7.39),P<0.01]。两组均未发生严重不良反应。倒漏斗图提示发表偏倚性较小。结论：现有证据表明,小剂量阿奇霉素联用辛伐他汀能显著改善COPD合并肺动脉高压患者肺功能、血氧饱和度和提高活动耐受力,同时显著降低肺动脉压和CRP,且安全可靠。     

Azithromycin suppresses Th1- and Th2-related chemokines IP-10/MDC in human monocytic cell line

BackgroundCytokines and chemokines play critical roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. Azithromycin, a macrolides, is frequently used in asthmatic children with lower respiratory tract infection and is reported having anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However, the effects of azithromycin on the expression of TNF-α, Th1- and Th2-related chemokines, and neutrophil chemoattractant are unknown. We investigated the in vitro effects of azithromycin on the expression of TNF-α, Th1-related chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10), Th2-related chemokine macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and neutrophil chemoattractant growth-related oncogene-α (GRO-α/CXCL1) in THP-1 cells as a model for human monocytes.MethodsTHP-1 cells were pretreated with various concentrations of azithromycin before Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. TNF-α, IP-10, MDC and GRO-α were measured by ELISA. Intracellular signaling was investigated by pathway inhibitors and Western blot.ResultAzithromycin suppressed MDC and IP-10 expression in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. However, azithromycin had no effect LPS-induced TNF-α and GRO-α expression. Western blotting revealed that azithromycin suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)–JNK and ERK expression, and also suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF) κB–p65 expression.ConclusionAzithromycin suppressed LPS-induced MDC expression via the MAPK–JNK and the NFκB–p65 pathway. Azithromycin also suppressed LPS-induced IP-10 via the MAPK–JNK/ERK and the NFκB–p65 pathway. Azithromycin may benefit asthmatic patients by suppressing chemokines expression.     

大剂量维生素C联合阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的效果

目的:观察大剂量维生素C联合阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的效果。方法:选取80例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各40例。对照组采用阿奇霉素治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合大剂量维生素C治疗,比较两组治疗效果、症状体征改善时间、住院时间、血清炎性因子[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)]水平,以及不良反应发生率。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为97.5%(39/40),明显高于对照组的77.5%(31/40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组各症状体征改善时间和住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组血清IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平均明显低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:大剂量维生素C联合阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎患儿,可提高治疗总有效率,缩短症状体征改善时间和住院时间,降低血清炎性因子水平,其效果优于单纯阿奇霉素治疗。     

小儿豉翘清热颗粒联合阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体肺炎患儿的效果

目的:观察小儿豉翘清热颗粒联合阿奇霉素治疗肺炎支原体(MP)肺炎患儿的效果。方法:选取MP肺炎患儿158例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各79例。两组患儿均常规予以止咳平喘和化痰退热等对症治疗,在此基础上对照组给予阿奇霉素静滴治疗,观察组在对照组基础上增用小儿豉翘清热颗粒治疗。比较两组疗效、炎性因子水平、临床症状缓解时间和不良反应发生率。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为98.73%,明显高于对照组的87.34%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组C反应蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6和白细胞介素-8水平均明显低于治疗前,且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组各项临床症状缓解时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:小儿豉翘清热颗粒联合阿奇霉素治疗MP肺炎患儿可提高治疗总有效率,缩短临床症状缓解时间,以及降低炎性因子水平的效果优于单纯阿奇霉素治疗。     

阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合氨溴索治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床效果

目的：探讨阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合氨溴索治疗小儿支原体肺炎的效果。方法入选的100例支原体肺炎患儿随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组给予阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合氨溴索治疗,对照组给予阿奇霉素静脉滴注。观察两组症状消失时间和不良反应发生情况。结果观察组发热、喘息、咳嗽及肺啰音消失时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论阿奇霉素序贯疗法联合氨溴索治疗小儿支原体肺炎的效果显著,值得借鉴。     

阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶含量及有关物质的测定方法

目的：建立阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶含量及有关物质的高效液相色谱检测方法。方法采用 Kromasil C8色谱柱（250mm ×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈－磷酸盐缓冲液（50∶50）,流速为1．0mL? min －1,检测波长210nm。结果阿奇霉素与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,在0．4～1．6mg? mL －1范围内线性关系良好（r＝0．9998）;平均回收率（n＝9）为99．3％。结论所提出的检测方法操作简便、专属性强、结果准确可靠,可用于该制剂的质量控制。