Mental well-being: A 16-year follow-up among older residents in Jyväskylä

This study investigated changes in perceived depression, anxiety and loneliness during a 16-year follow-up among elderly Jyväskylä residents born in 1914-1923. A further concern was with how perceived atmosphere in the formative environment was reflected in depression, anxiety and loneliness in old age. The first phase of the study took place in 1988 when interviews were conducted with 635 persons (241 men and 394 women). Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Finnish modified version of Beck's 13-item depression scale (RBDI), which was completed fully by 74% of the interviewees. Loneliness was assessed with a single four category item. In the second phase of the study in 1996, interviews were conducted with 410 persons, of whom 94% filled the RBDI questionnaire. In the third phase in 2004, the number of interviewees was 220 and the response rate 82%. There were no significant changes in the number of people with depressive symptomatology and anxiety, except in 1996 when the proportion of men with mild and moderate depression almost doubled. The number of men and women who felt lonely increased significantly during the 16-year follow-up. People who said they were lonely also had more depression and anxiety than others. People who had grown up in warm and safe environment were the most balanced mentally. The presence or absence of warmth and safety in the formative environment is reflected in mental well-being even at a very old age.     

Factors influencing the ward atmosphere

On 35 short-term wards the connection between ward atmosphere as perceived by patients and various setting and treatment characteristics was explored by the use of a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The most important variables proved to be: mean age of patients, percentage of psychotic patients, number of patients, staff turnover rate, and interaction score. A higher mean age of patients was associated with changes in the ward atmosphere preferred by older patients. An increased percentage of psychotic patients and an increased number of patients were associated with changes which were probably anti-therapeutic for psychotic patients. Increased staff turnover was paralleled by changes which were probably unfavourable for both psychotic and nonpsychotic patients. An increased emphasis on interaction was paralleled by changes which were probably beneficial for nonpsychotic patients, but partly unfavourable for psychotic patients.     

高压氧对失血性休克复苏后炎症反应的影响

目的观察高压氧对大白鼠失血性休克复苏后炎症反应的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法Wistar大鼠随机分为三组：高压氧治疗组、休克组和对照组。建立大鼠失血性休克模型，自体血和生理盐水复苏后应用2．0绝对大气压高压氧治疗，于休克前、休克后、复苏后和复苏后24h取血检测血红细胞SOD、血浆卧限a、血浆iNOS值，并进行统计学（one-way ANOVA plus SNK）分析。观察复苏后24h大鼠肝、肠、肺组织病理改变并进行病理损伤评分。结果复苏后24h高压氧治疗组血红细胞SOD值高于休克组，高压氧治疗组血浆iNOS值和TNFoa值低于休克组，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。病理损伤评分：高压氧治疗组病理损伤与休克组相比减轻，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 高压氧可能通过增强机体清除活性氧和自由基、阻止炎症介质的产生，进而减轻大鼠失血性休克复苏后的炎症反应和组织脏器的病理损伤。     

大气中甲硫醇卫生标准的研究

本文报导了大气甲硫醇卫生标准的研究,内容包括毒理学资料的收集,嗅觉阈的测定,环境大气甲硫醇污染的调查以及地区性恶臭污染对居民影响的询问调查,综合该研究的各项参数,从防止大气感观性状恶化考虑,嗅觉阈是限制指标,据此建议居民区大气甲硫醇一次最高允许浓度为0.7μg/m~3。     

2016~2020年济南市两城区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃浓度特征及慢性健康风险评估

目的 分析大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)中多环芳烃浓度特征,并评估PM_2.5中多环芳烃吸入途径的慢性健康风险。 方法 2016~2020年在济南市市中区和历城区两监测点每月定期开展PM_2.5及其萘、苊烯、芴、苊、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并［a］蒽、苯并［b］荧蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、二苯并［a,h］蒽、苯并［g,h,i］苝、茚并［1,2,3-cd］芘等16种多环芳烃的成分监测;参照《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T 777-2021)进行大气PM_2.5中多环芳烃对成人慢性健康风险评估。 结果 2016~2020年市中区共开展监测448 d,历城区共开展监测442 d,历城区萘、苊烯、荧蒽、芘、、苯并［a］蒽、苯并［b］荧蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、二苯并［a,h］蒽、苯并［g,h,i］苝、茚并［1,2,3-cd］芘平均浓度水平大于市中区,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两监测点多环芳烃浓度自2016年以来呈逐年降低趋势,且呈现出明显的季节性变化规律,冬季为污染最严重的季节;两监测站点苯并［a］蒽、苯并［b］荧蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、二苯并［a,h］蒽、茚并［1,2,3-cd］芘的致癌风险均有一定的比例超过风险推荐值1×10^-6,苯并［a］芘的慢性非致癌风险也均有一定的比例超过风险推荐值1。 结论 十三五期间济南市大气PM_2.5中多环芳烃的浓度呈逐年降低趋势,但PM_2.5中苯并［a］蒽、苯并［b］荧蒽、苯并［k］荧蒽、苯并［a］芘、二苯并［a,h］蒽、茚并［1,2,3-cd］芘均有一定的健康风险,应在今后的空气污染治理中给予重点关注。     

2016~2020年石家庄市大气PM2.5化学成分变化趋势及健康风险评估

目的 分析石家庄市大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)化学成分的变化趋势和季节分布特征,评估其对人群的潜在健康风险。 方法 以石家庄市环境空气质量监测点2 km范围内两所小学的教学楼楼顶作为采样点,于2016年1月至2020年12月的每月10~16日采集PM_2.5样品共840份,并分别采用离子色谱仪、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)、金属及类金属和多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并依据《化学物质环境健康风险评估技术指南》(WS/T777-2021)评估其对人群的健康风险。 结果 石家庄市2016~2020年PM_2.5年均浓度呈逐年下降趋势,但仍超过标准限值(35 μg/m³),整体呈现出冬秋季高于夏春季的特点。WSIIs在PM_2.5中含量最高,除硝酸根离子(NO₃^-)外其余WSIIs浓度基本呈现出逐渐下降趋势,并表现出与PM_2.5相似的季节分布特征;金属与类金属元素铝(Al)、铅(Pb)、锰(Mn)在PM_2.5中含量较高,除Al和Mn外,其他元素在5年间基本呈下降趋势,但铬(Cr)浓度仍远高于标准限值,多数元素表现出冬季较高的季节分布特征;16种PAHs总年均浓度呈现出自2016年逐渐上升、2018年后逐渐下降的趋势,多数单体表现出秋冬季浓度较高的季节分布特征。风险评估结果显示,砷(As)、Cr和PAHs在不同年份和季节中均存在一定的致癌风险(CR>1.0×10^-6),同时,PAHs也存在较高的非致癌风险(HQ>1)。 结论 近年来石家庄市空气质量虽然有所好转,但形势依然严峻,PM_2.5中部分成分在目前接触水平下仍存在一定的致癌和非致癌风险,应继续加强监测和风险评估。     

Soigner sans contention physique,quels enjeux psychiques ? De la contention à la contenance

AimsVia a brief history of mechanical restraint and its current use in psychiatry, we discuss its implications, its negative impact and the scope for and the consequences of non-restraint in clinical practice.MethodsWe conducted a literature review to analyze mechanical restraint use in Europe and also made use of clinical experience in a psychiatric hospital in Marseille, France.ResultsThe use of mechanical restraint is controversial and its therapeutic benefits remain unsubstantiated. Research suggests that the most efficient strategies to avoid physical restraint include a better working environment, better staff training, improved staff-to-patient ratio, and implementation of an open-door policy.DiscussionDespite a gradual reduction in the use of mechanical restraint in psychiatry in the 1960s, as reforms progressed in Europe and particularly in France, psychiatric departments today have to cope with new security issues. In this context, coercive physical measures and isolation strategies have increased. There are even “recommendations” about limiting the use of restraint, so as to avoid aggravating situations. This is a paradoxical situation, since it supports a practice whose deleterious effects are recognized.ConclusionsThe increasing use of physical restraint in the management of psychiatric patients is not attributable solely to security and legal considerations. The phenomenon can also be interpreted as an evolution of psychiatry from a practice based on a relationship and talking therapy to a more objective practice, where subjectivity and the spoken word seem to be ignored.     

Architecture en psychiatrie et atmosphère soignante

ObjectivesThe history of madness is inseparable from the concern for the building intended to accommodate it. From Egyptian temples to modern designs, the role of architecture is seen as a tool for healing that has an impact on the subject. In this work, we will investigate the healing power attributed to architectural art in psychiatry.MethodWe will unpack the historical path that links architecture and psychiatry, with the underlying question of whether architecture can be used as a means of care in psychiatry, based on the encounters between architectural beauty and others. In our reflections, we will also make use of the phenomenon of atmosphere.ResultsIf architectural art contributes to the care provided, it seems that the reason is based on the phenomenon of atmosphere that emerges from it. The phenomenon of atmosphere, which originates in the encounter between the “hosted” subjects and the hospitality of the building, appears to be a healing phenomenon when the architectural project does not neglect, in addition to its necessary functional approach, either its aesthetic or its political dimension.DiscussionWe maintain that both the significant dimension of beauty and the encounters and discourses encouraged by the built environment ensure a caring atmosphere, insofar as it welcomes those whose sense of inhabiting an environment, more often than not, has been deteriorated by illness. It is at this point that architecture takes on a political and ethical dimension, allowing us to maintain that the latter is a condition of all hospitality that can foster the restoration of the possibility of inhabiting.ConclusionBy paying attention to the phenomenon of atmosphere during the common elaboration of the architectural project, architects, care providers, and philosophers can thus ensure the dimension of care.     

大气细菌粒子含量测定的探讨

本工作用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器法和平皿沉降法在北京西单对大气细菌粒子的含量进行了一年的对比观测实验。结果表明,在同次采样中,放置的采样皿数对测定结果没有明显影响;大气细菌粒子的沉降量与大气细菌粒子的含量有非常显著的正相关关系;由奥梅梁斯基公式计算的大气细菌粒子的含量明显偏高;由本实验得出的关系式能比较准确、简便的计算大气细菌粒子的含量。