重度脓毒症凝血功能紊乱与病情严重度及预后的关系

目的 探讨重度脓毒症凝血功能紊乱与病情严重度及预后的关系.方法 将2002年11月至2005年3月收住全国20家三级医院脓毒症并发急性器官功能不全患者694例分为死亡组和生存组,分析比较两组患者主要凝血指标的差异及主要凝血指标异常与病情严重度（APACHE-Ⅱ评分）的关系.结果 （1）死亡组患者与凝血功能相关的主要指标：血小板明显低于存活组（P＜0.05）,D-dimer明显高于生存组（P＜0.05）,凝血酶元时间（PT）、部份凝血活酶时间（APTT）、TT均较生存组延长（P＜0.05）.（2）血小板下降、血小板下降与D-dimer同时升高,APTT和FDP异常患者的APACHE-Ⅱ评分明显高于生存组（P＜0.05）.结论 与凝血功能相关的主要指标：血小板、D-dimer、PT、APTT、TT的检测对判断重度脓毒症的预后及评估病情严重度有一定指导意义.     

Comparison of biliary atresia with and without intracranial hemorrhage

Background/Purpose

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe complication of biliary atresia (BA). We aimed to compare the clinical data of BA patients with and without ICH.

临床凝血-止血功能检验质控物的研制与应用

目前检测血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血因子(Fib)所采用的质控物为进口冻干质控物,但由于其价格昂贵,许多基层实验室难以承受,因而影响了基层医院室内质控持续有效地开展。从实用出发,经过不断探索和比较分析,最终研究配制出了配方合理、成本低廉、效果好、结果稳定的液体凝血止血检验质控物。该质控物经过一年的室内质控应用及参加云南省临床检验中心凝血-止血功能项目室间质控活动,取得优秀成绩。说明该质控物质量均达到与进口冻干质控物同样的水平,完全可以替代进口冻干质控物,可应用于各级医院凝血—止血功能试验的实验室检测,达到提高检验质量的目的,并发挥良好的社会效益和经济效益。     

血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班治疗髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的疗效观察

目的探究血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班治疗髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓的临床疗效。方法选取2011年11月—2014年11月在延安大学附属医院骨科接受髋关节置换术后发生下肢深静脉血栓的患者78例,按照治疗方案不同分为对照组和治疗组,每组各39例。对照组口服利伐沙班片,1片/次,1次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上静脉滴注血栓通注射液,5 m L溶于0.9%生理盐水250 m L中,1次/d。两组均连续治疗14 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组治疗前后D-二聚体、患肢膝上差、膝下差、静脉血流速度、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)的变化情况。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为84.62%、97.44%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组D-二聚体、膝上差、膝下差、FIB均显著降低,患侧血流速度、APTT、PT、TT显著升高,同组治疗前后差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗组这些观察指标的改善程度优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血栓通注射液联合利伐沙班治疗髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓具有较好的临床疗效,可显著改善患者的凝血状态,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

脂肪乳对PT、APTT和Fib凝血结果的影响与对策

目的探讨减少脂肪乳对凝血酶原(PT)、部分凝活酶时间(APTT)和纤维蛋白原(Fib)干扰的方法。方法制备正常新鲜混合血浆并检测PT、APTT、Fib;在正常新鲜混合血浆中加入不同浓度的脂肪乳并检测其PT、APTT和Fib,取均值计算干扰物影响度,同时在强生干化学分析仪VITRO FS5.1上检测血浆指数,并分析血浆指数与脂肪乳干扰之间的关系。通过CS2000i自带的稀释功能,寻找最佳的稀释倍数,减少脂肪乳对Fib的干扰。结果当添加干扰物脂肪乳4.76%体积分数时,对PT、APTT和国际标准化比值(INR)影响均7.5%,未超过1/2 CLIA’88规定的允许误差;脂肪乳添加的体积与血浆指数存在良好的线性相关:y=18.284x+4.557 9,R2=0.993 3;脂肪乳添加的体积与衍算纤维蛋白原(PT-der fibrinogen,PT-DFbg)添加前后的差值也存在良好的线性相关:y=0.146 9x-0.891 4(x≥6),R2=0.961 7;标本稀释可以很好地消除脂肪乳对Fib检测结果的干扰。结论利用血浆指数,可以减少一定浓度内脂肪乳对PT、APTT和Fib的干扰,标本稀释可以很好地消除脂肪乳对Fib检测结果的干扰。     

孕中期孕妇凝血功能检测的临床意义

目的探讨孕中期孕妇凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、抗血酶Ⅲ(ATⅢ)、蛋白C(PC)、蛋白S(S)、纤维蛋白降解产物(FDP)和D二聚体(DD)检测的临床意义。方法PT、APTT、TT、Fib测定均为凝固法,所有指标均由SYSMEXCA-1500全自动血凝仪进行测定。结果对55例孕中期孕妇(实验组)与55例正常非妊娠妇女(对照组)的凝血功能进行比较分析。孕中期孕妇组PT、APTT、TT、Fib、ATⅢ、PC、PS、FDP和DD值与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论在妊娠中期孕产妇凝血功能发生了显著变化,表现为妊娠相关的高凝血状态和存在血栓并发症风险,孕产妇需要监测凝血功能。     

对两种APTT试剂正常参考值的评估

目的　探讨使用两种不同成分的APTT试剂测定同份标本结果的差异。方法　使用分别以硅土和白陶土作为Ⅻ和Ⅺ因子的激活剂的STAGO进口试剂 ,在法国STA型全自动血凝仪上测定 70例健康供血员的血浆标本的APTT值。结果　以硅土为激活剂测出的APTT正常参考值比以白陶土为激活剂测出的APTT值大。结论　同份标本用不同试剂检测APTT结果有非常显著的差异 (P <0 .0 0 1)。不同试剂、仪器等不同条件测的APTT不同 ,必须自定本实验室的正常参考范围 ,不可互用参考值。     

Fulminant babesiosis treated with clindamycin, quinine, and whole-blood exchange transfusion

BACKGROUND: Babesiosis is an increasingly recognized parasitic infection with manifestations that range from a subclinical or mild flu-like illness to life-threatening disease. Risk factors that may be associated with a more severe clinical course include immunosuppression, splenectomy, and advanced age. The most effective chemotherapeutic regimen, clindamycin plus quinine, is sometimes ineffective in cases of severe disease. CASE REPORT: A previously healthy, 58-year-old man was infected by Babesia microti, presumably through a tick bite. He developed fulminant disease characterized by severe hemolytic anemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute renal failure, and respiratory failure. There was no history of splenectomy or immunodeficiency. He was given oral clindamycin (300 mg/4x/day) 2 days before admission. Oral quinine (650 mg/3x/day) was added upon hospitalization. There was no clinical improvement despite antibiotic therapy with clindamycin and quinine. On the second hospital day, a whole-blood exchange transfusion was performed to simultaneously lower the parasite load and replace the patient's plasma. With an automated blood cell separator, 87 percent of the patient's total blood volume was exchanged. As replacement fluid, 6.7 L of packed RBCs reconstituted with FFP (average Hct, 33%) was used. The patient's Hct increased from 26.9 percent before the exchange to 28.3 percent after the exchange. The percentage of parasitized RBCs decreased from 13.8 percent just before exchange to 4.2 percent immediately after exchange. There was rapid clinical improvement after the whole-blood exchange transfusion. The patient's subsequent clinical course was marked by a disappearance of the parasitemia and continued slow, general improvement. Therapy with clindamycin was continued for 14 days after the exchange transfusion and quinine for 17 days. CONCLUSION: In cases of severe babesiosis, prompt institution of whole-blood exchange transfusion, in combination with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, can be life-saving.     

Uneventful Cesarean Delivery with Administration of Factor XI Concentrate in a Patient with Severe Factor XI Deficiency

Factor XI (FXI) is a procoagulant factor and antifibrinolytic agent, and its absence causes a bleeding tendency. FXI deficiency is autosomal in inheritance, with severe FXI deficiency in homozygotes and partial deficiency in heterozygotes. A 24-year-old primigravida with an uneventful pregnancy and no history of bleeding manifestations was admitted to our department at 38 weeks of gestation. Her blood count and serum biochemistry findings were normal except for a coagulation screen, which revealed a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of 63 seconds (normal range, 24-35 seconds). The measured FXI coagulant activity of 8 IU/dL (reference range, 70-150 IU/dL) established a diagnosis of severe FXI deficiency. The breech presentation of the fetus prompted the decision for cesarean delivery under general anesthesia. We administered a single dose of FXI concentrate (15 IU/kg), which corrected the APTT to 34 seconds. The cesarean delivery was uncomplicated, and postpartum recovery of the mother and her baby was uneventful with no bleeding complications. The finding of an isolated prolonged APTT should prompt obstetricians to consider FXI deficiency. The appropriate use of factor FXI concentrate in managing obstetric patients with FXI deficiency can minimize potential bleeding complications and ensure an optimal outcome for both mother and neonate.     

Utility of a weight-based heparin nomogram for patients with acute coronary syndromes

Abstract
Background:  Unfractionated heparin has been pivotal in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and continues to be used widely despite the emerging role of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). The apparent superiority of LMWH over unfractionated heparin may, at least partially, reside in its more predictable achievement of therapeutic effect, with high rates of non-therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) results being observed in the intravenous heparin treatment groups.
Aim:  To evaluate the impact of introduction of a weight-based heparin nomogram developed for use in patients with ACS on frequency of 'therapeutic' APTT results.
Methods:  The effectiveness of an existing non-weight-based heparin nomogram in achieving a therapeutic APTT was compared sequentially with that of a weight-based heparin nomogram in 89 and 84 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of ACS.
Results:  Patients in whom heparin dosage adjustment was weight based rapidly achieved therapeutic APTT. The median time to achieve an APTT within the target range was 8.75 h in the weight-based group versus >24 h in the non-weight-based group. Utilization of a weight-based nomogram was associated with markedly increased proportions of readings within the therapeutic APTT range at 6 h and at 24 h (51% vs . 26% and 72% vs . 36%, respectively).
Conclusions:  The current study confirms the marked superiority of the weight-based heparin regimen for treatment of patients with ACS. The nomogram dramatically facilitated the attainment of therapeutic APTT, and may represent the optimal method for titration of heparin dosage to individual heparin requirements in patients with ACS. (Intern Med J 2003; 33: 18−25)