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1.
Attachment style is a relatively stable trait linked to emotion regulation and coping as measured by questionnaire responses. An increasing number of functional brain imaging studies have explored the neural underpinnings of attachment style during emotional processing. However, until now, an overall picture of brain regions involved in this trait remained unexplored. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 12 peer-reviewed studies on attachment style using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We observed a significant negative correlation between avoidance attachment scores and activation of left inferior frontal gyrus to emotional stimuli, implying an inhibition processing for emotional stimuli in people with high avoidance attachment. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between anxiety attachment scores and activation of left amygdala during emotional processing, which suggested an increased vigilance to emotional stimuli.  相似文献   
2.
ObjectiveTo investigate characteristics of congenital aural stenosis (CAS) patients' external auditory canal (EAC) (position, length, orientation, etc.) and compare them with normal EAC.

Methods

CT images of normal people and CAS patient were utilized. We obtained coordinates of EAC landmarks. Then the Matlab program could calculate some anatomic parameters about EAC, including distances from central point of tympanic annulus (CA), central point of osseous EAC opening (CO), central point of cartilaginous EAC inside opening (CCi), central point of cartilaginous EAC outside opening (CCo) to the Frankfurt horizontal plane (Pfrkt), the median sagittal plane (Psag), the coronal plane (Pcor); orientations of EAC bendings; straight and arc lengths of EAC.

Results

Distances from CA, CO, CCi and CCo to Pfrkt were all shorter in CAS group than control group (p < 0.05). The straight and arc lengths of cartilaginous EAC in CAS group were shorter than control group (p < 0.05). Straight and arc lengths of EAC in CAS group were shorter than those in control group (p < 0.05). The proportion of one bending in cartilaginous EAC in control group was significantly lower than CAS group (p < 0.05). Orientations of EAC bendings in CAS group differed from those in control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In addition to smaller diameters, compared with normal EAC, the position of CAS patients' osseous EAC was higher compared with the normal. The majority of CAS patients have a bending and downward slanting cartilaginous EAC. Orientations of EAC bending in CAS patients were different from normal. Besides, the length of CAS patients' cartilaginous EAC was shorter. However, there were no significant differences between CAS patients and normal people in length of osseous EAC. These differences in anatomic parameters could provide the basis for optimizing the meatoplasty.  相似文献   
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Objective: Numerous previous studies have suggested that physical activity or exercise may play an important role in both structural integrity of the brain and cognitive function. However, it is unclear what effect exercise has on cognitive related brain structure. The present study comprehensively reviews the effect of exercise on cognitive related brain regions of the healthy elderly by using activation likelihood estimation (ALE).

Materials and methods: Seven electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published up to September 2017. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias. GingerALE version 2.3.6 was used to perform the coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions: Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 50 distinct foci were analyzed for structural changes, containing 412 healthy older subjects. ALE showed significant regional increases in regions including the left superior temporal gyrus, left medial temporal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, right and left superior frontal gyrus, left cingulate gyrus, right anterior cingulate and left lentiform nucleus in subjects with the exercise intervention compared to controls. However, considering the quantity and limitations of the included studies, the conclusion could not yet be drawn. Additional randomized controlled trials with rigorous designs and longer intervention periods are needed in the future.  相似文献   

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There are at least two fundamental unanswered questions in the literature on autism spectrum disorders (ASD): Are abnormalities in white (WM) and gray matter (GM) consistent with one another? Are WM morphometric alterations consistent with alterations in the GM of regions connected by these abnormal WM bundles and vice versa? The aim of this work is to bridge this gap. After selecting voxel‐based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging studies comparing autistic and normally developing groups of subjects, we conducted an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis to estimate consistent brain alterations in ASD. Multidimensional scaling was used to test the similarity of the results. The ALE results were then analyzed to identify the regions of concordance between GM and WM areas. We found statistically significant topological relationships between GM and WM abnormalities in ASD. The most numerous were negative concordances, found bilaterally but with a higher prevalence in the right hemisphere. Positive concordances were found in the left hemisphere. Discordances reflected the spatial distribution of negative concordances. Thus, a different hemispheric contribution emerged, possibly related to pathogenetic factors affecting the right hemisphere during early developmental stages. Besides, WM fiber tracts linking the brain structures involved in social cognition showed abnormalities, and most of them had a negative concordance with the connected GM regions. We interpreted the results in terms of altered brain networks and their role in the pervasive symptoms dramatically impairing communication and social skills in ASD patients. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2073–2098, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   
7.
Bisphosphonates have effects that are antiresorptive, antitumor, and antiapoptotic to osteoblasts and osteocytes, but an effective means of eliciting these multiple activities in the treatment of bone metastases has not been identified. Antimetabolite‐bisphosphonate conjugates have potential for improved performance as a class of bone‐specific antineoplastic drugs. The primary objective of the study was to determine whether an antimetabolite‐bisphosphonate conjugate will preserve bone formation concomitant with antiresorptive and antitumor activity. 5‐FdU‐ale, a highly stable conjugate between the antimetabolite 5‐fluoro‐2'‐deoxyuridine and the bisphosphonate alendronate, was tested for its therapeutic efficacy in a mouse model of MDA‐MB231 breast cancer bone metastases. In vitro testing revealed osteoclasts to be highly sensitive to 5‐FdU‐ale. In contrast, osteoblasts had significantly reduced sensitivity. Tumor cells were resistant in vitro but in vivo tumor burden was nevertheless significantly reduced compared with untreated mice. Sensitivity to 5‐FdU‐ale was not mediated through inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase activity, but cell cycle arrest was observed. Although serum tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) levels were greatly reduced by both drugs, there was no significant decrease in the serum bone formation marker osteocalcin with 5‐FdU‐ale treatment. In contrast, there was more than a fivefold decrease in serum osteocalcin levels with alendronate treatment (p < 0.001). This finding is supported by time‐lapse micro–computed tomography analyses, which revealed bone formation volume to be on average 1.6‐fold higher with 5‐FdU‐ale treatment compared with alendronate (p < 0.001). We conclude that 5‐FdU‐ale, which is a poor prenylation inhibitor but maintains potent antiresorptive activity, does not reduce bone formation and has cytostatic antitumor efficacy. These results document that conjugation of an antimetabolite with bisphosphonates offers flexibility in creating potent bone‐targeting drugs with cytostatic, bone protection properties that show limited nephrotoxicity. This unique class of drugs may offer distinct advantages in the setting of targeted adjuvant therapy and chemoprevention of bone diseases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.  相似文献   
8.
The ability to create structures out of single words is a key aspect of human language. This combinatorial capacity relies on a low-level syntactic mechanism—Merge—assembling words into hierarchies. Neuroscience has explored Merge by comparing syntax to word-lists. Here, we first review potential issues with the word-lists materials. We then perform an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) on the reported foci, to reveal functional convergence for Merge at whole-brain level. Finally, we run probabilistic tractography on an independent population to observe how these convergent activations anatomically connect. Functionally, we found that when confounding activity was removed, consistency for Merge was only observable in the left pars opercularis (BA44) and in the inferior part of the posterior superior temporal sulcus/gyrus (pSTS/STG; BA22). Structurally, we could confirm that the two regions are connected through dorsal fiber bundles. We therefore suggest that the cortical implementation of linguistic Merge consists of a left fronto-temporal interaction between BA44 (syntactic processor) and pSTS/STG (integrative processor), which communicate to each other along dorsal white matter fascicles.  相似文献   
9.
Activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data was used to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying auditory-verbal and visual hallucinations (AVHs and VHs). Consistent activation across studies during AVHs, but not VHs, in Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas is consistent with involvement of speech and language processes in the experience of hearing voices when none are present. Similarly, greater activity in auditory cortex during AVHs and in visual cortex during VHs supports models proposing over-stimulation of sensory cortices in the generation of these perceptual anomalies. Activation across studies in the medial temporal lobe highlights a role for memory intrusions in the provision of content for AVHs, whereas insula activation may relate to the involvement of awareness and self-representation. Finally, activation in the paracingulate region of medial prefrontal cortex during AVHs is consistent with models implicating reality monitoring impairment in the misattribution of self-generated information as externally perceived. In the light of the results, the need for unified theoretical frameworks that account for the full range of hallucinatory experiences is discussed.  相似文献   
10.
BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is a universally used, life-saving medical intervention. However, there are increasing concerns among patients about blood safety. This study investigates the effect of message framing, a means of presenting information, on confidence in blood transfusion safety. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The same factual information regarding the safety of blood for transfusion was presented to a sample of 254 adult students (donors and nondonors) as either a gain frame (lives saved), a loss frame (lives lost), or a combined frame (a loss frame expressed in a positive context). This provided a basic two-way, between-subjects design with 1) blood donation history (donors vs. nondonors) and 2) message frame (gain, loss, and combined) functioning as the between-groups factors. It was hypothesized that participants would consider blood safer if information was presented as a gain frame. The role of stress appraisals as potential mediators of the framing effect was also explored. RESULTS: As predicted, participants receiving the gain-frame information were significantly more confident of the safety of blood for transfusion than those receiving loss-frame information or both. This was unaffected by donation history or appraisals of stress associated with transfusion. The extent to which blood was considered safe was negatively associated, independently of framing effects, with perceptions that transfusion was threatening. CONCLUSION: Information about transfusion should be conveyed to patients in a form focusing on the positive, rather than the negative, known facts about the safety of blood.  相似文献   
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