6种止吐用药方案预防高致吐风险化疗引起恶心呕吐临床效果的网状meta分析

目的：采用网状Meta 分析评价6种止吐用药方案预防高致吐风险化疗所引起恶心呕吐(CINV)的疗效。方法：计算机检索中国知网、万方数据、维普医药、PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Library(2019年第8期)，检索时限至2019年9月1日，收集5-羟色胺3受体抑制剂（包括第一代5-HT3和第二代5-HT3帕洛诺司琼(PAL)）+地塞米松(DEX)、神经激肽1受体抑制剂(NK-1RA)+5-HT3+DEX、奥氮平(OLZ)+5-HT3+DEX、（奈妥吡坦300mg+帕洛诺司琼0.50mg）NEPA+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的随机对照试验(RCT)，由两名评价员独立筛选文献、提取数据，并按照Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具评价文献质量，采用Stata 15.0统计软件进行网状Meta分析。结果：共纳入18项RCT，合计8076例患者。网状Meta分析结果显示：与5-HT3+DEX比较，NEPA+DEX、NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX、NK-1RA+PAL+DEX和OLZ+PAL+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的急性CINV完全缓解率高于5-HT3+DEX组，差异有显著差异，概率排序为OLZ+PAL+DEX＞NK-1RA+PAL+DEX＞NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX＞NEPA+DEX＞PAL+DEX = 5-HT3+DEX。与5-HT3+DEX比较，NEPA+DEX、NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX、NK-1RA+PAL+DEX、OLZ+PAL+DEX和PAL+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的迟发性CINV完全缓解率高于5-HT3+DEX组，差异有显著差异，概率排序为NK-1RA+PAL+DEX＞OLZ+PAL+DEX＞NEPA+DEX＞NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX = PAL+DEX = 5-HT3+DEX。与5-HT3+DEX比较，NEPA+DEX、NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX和NK-1RA+PAL+DEX预防高致吐风险CINV的持续期CINV缓解率高于5-HT3+DEX组，差异有显著差异，概率排序为NK-1RA+PAL+DEX＞OLZ+PAL+DEX＞NEPA+DEX＞NK-1RA+5-HT3+DEX)＞PAL+DEX＞5-HT3+DEX。结论：通过网状Meta分析发现，OLZ+PAL+DEX是预防高致吐风险急性CINV最有效方案，而NK-1RA+PAL+DEX是预防迟发性和持续期CINV最有效方案。     

按揉背俞穴减轻化疗后病人恶心与呕吐的研究

[目的]观察按揉背俞穴对化疗后病人恶心、呕吐发生频率和程度的影响。[方法]选取2011年1月—2012年6月在本院肿瘤外科及妇科住院行化疗且方案中使用铂类药物的60例病人,皆签署知情同意书愿意配合本研究,采用随机数字表分为两组,对照组和试验组各30例,对照组行常规护理,试验组在对照组基础上予病人按揉背俞穴,观察两组病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度。[结果]化疗后两组病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。[结论]按揉背俞穴能减轻化疗后病人恶心、呕吐、干呕发生的频率和程度。     

Breast reconstruction after therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer: A comparison of guideline recommendations

BackgroundThe purpose of this article is to illuminate differences in published clinical practice guideline recommendations for breast reconstruction after prophylactic and therapeutic mastectomy.MethodsTen guidelines were identified through a systematic search of websites and databases of reputable oncology guideline developers, and key differences and gaps in recommendations were noted. Quality assessment of the guidelines was conducted by three reviewers using the AGREE II tool, focusing on breast reconstruction specific documents rather than the general breast cancer guidelines.ResultsThe most comprehensive guidelines were published by Alberta Health Services, Cancer Care Ontario, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and the Association of Breast Surgery/British Association of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. AGREE II scores in the domains of “Scope and Purpose” and “Clarity and Presentation” were ranked relatively high for all four guidelines while “Applicability” and “Editorial Independence” were ranked relatively low. The Alberta and Ontario guidelines were the overall highest ranked guidelines across all domains.ConclusionOverall, these guidelines provide consistent recommendations on who should receive breast reconstruction education, who is a candidate for postmastectomy breast reconstruction, and the appropriate timing of reconstruction and extent of mastectomy. Future updates from all should focus on expanding to include alloplastic and autologous forms of reconstruction and should include a broad scope of relevant questions.     

芳香疗法预防肿瘤患者化疗后恶心及呕吐的系统评价

目的评价芳香疗法对肿瘤患者化疗后恶心、呕吐的预防效果。方法检索数据库包括PubMed、WebofScience、Cochrane Library、Embase、CINAHL、知网、维普、万方和中国生物医学文献数据库,检索时限为从建库至2019年7月17日,收集芳香疗法预防肿瘤患者化疗后恶心、呕吐的随机对照试验,评价和提取信息后,采用RevMan5.3软件进行分析。结果共纳入10篇文献,共计1267例患者,按评估量表的种类分别进行Meta分析。在芳香疗法预防急性恶心的效果分析中,以视觉模拟评分量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)为结局指标的分析结果为[MD=-7.26,95%CI(-13.22,-1.31),P=0.02];以恶心、呕吐、干呕评分为结局指标的分析结果为[MD=-1.05,95%CI(-1.55,-0.55),P<0.0001];以急性恶心的发生率为结局指标的分析结果为[RR=0.69,95%CI(0.52,0.91),P=0.009]。芳香疗法预防急性干呕效果的分析结果为[MD=-0.59,95%CI(-0.97,-0.21),P=0.002],预防延迟性干呕效果的分析结果为[MD=-0.93,95%CI(-1.54,-0.31)=0.003]。结论芳香疗法对化疗后急性恶心、急性干呕及延迟性干呕的预防效果显著优于对照组,对其他时期恶心、呕吐的预防效果仍需要进一步验证。     

A multidisciplinary expert opinion on CINV and RINV,unmet needs and practical real-life approaches

ABSTRACT

Introduction: A range of combination chemotherapy regimens are currently used in clinical practice. However, international antiemetic guidelines often only categorize the emetogenic potential of single agents rather than the emetogenicity of combination chemotherapy regimens. To manage the nausea and vomiting induced by antineoplastic combinations, guidelines suggest antiemetics that are appropriate for the component drug with the highest emetogenic potential. Furthermore, antiemetic guidelines generally do not consider the influence of other factors, including individual patient characteristics, on the emetic effects of cancer treatments. Similarly, the emetogenic potential of radiotherapy is stratified only according to the site of radiation, while other factors contributing to emetic risk are overlooked.

Areas covered: An Expert Panel was convened to examine unresolved issues and summarize the current clinical research on managing nausea and vomiting associated with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Expert opinion: The panel identified the incidence of nausea and vomiting induced by multi-drug combination therapies currently used to treat cancer at different anatomic sites and by radiotherapy in the presence of other risk factors. Based on these data and the clinical experience of panel members, several suggestions are made for a practical approach to prevent or manage nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy regimens and radiation therapy.     

Effects of throat packs during orthognathic surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial

Throat packs are commonly used in maxillofacial surgeries. However, the evidence to support the benefits of their use is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of throat packs in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting, and their influence on the incidence of sore throat and dysphagia in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. This was a prospective double-blind randomized study with 54 patients, who were randomized to two groups: with throat pack (n = 27) and without throat pack (n = 27). Fifty patients (25 in each group) were included in the analysis; 66% female and 34% male, mean age 29.44 ± 8.53 years. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (Kortilla scale), sore throat (visual analogue scale), and dysphagia were evaluated. Statistically significant differences in favour of the without-pack group were found for the variables throat pain at 24 hours (P = 0.002) and dysphagia at 2 hours (P = 0.007) and 24 hours (P < 0.001). There was no difference between the groups regarding postoperative nausea and vomiting (P = 1.00). The results of this study indicate that throat packs as utilized here do not prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting and are associated with worse sore throats and postoperative dysphagia.     

妇科肿瘤化疗防治恶心呕吐药物的应用评价

对妇科恶性肿瘤化疗防治恶心呕吐药物应用的合理性评价。收集本院妇科2018年4月接受化疗的住院患者病历111份,根据国内外肿瘤相关的恶心呕吐防治指南,分析应用防治恶心呕吐药物存在的问题。100例（90.09%）地塞米松（DXM）应用不合理;111例（100%）均应用5-羟色胺3受体拮抗剂,其中79例（71.17%）应用疗程不合理,17例（15.32%）超致吐风险级别用药,4例（3.60%）重复应用;104例（93.69%）无指征应用H2受体拮抗剂或质子泵抑制剂。化疗患者呕吐防治药物的应用存在不合理现象,建议加强医嘱审核,提高应用呕吐防治药物的合理性。     

肿瘤专科护士对化疗所致恶心呕吐的护理效果分析

目的:探讨肿瘤专科护士对化疗所致恶心呕吐护理的效果。方法:将膀胱癌患者100例采用数字表法分为观察组与对照组各50例,2组患者均给予常规化疗3个月;对照组在化疗期间给予常规护理,观察组在对照组护理的基础上由肿瘤专科护士进行主动服务护理模式干预。结果:观察组化疗3天与7天患者的恶心呕吐评分分别为(1.04±0.34)分和(1.21±0.45)分,明显低于对照组的(2.02±0.34)分和(2.12±0.29)分(P0.05)。观察组患者的生理功能、社会功能、生理职能明显高于对照组,躯体疼痛评分低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:肿瘤专科护士在膀胱癌患者化疗期间的护理能有效缓解患者恶心、呕吐状况,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

化疗病人恶心呕吐的护理

从恶心呕吐的定义、恶心呕吐对机体的影响、引起恶心呕吐的相关因素等方面综述了化疗病人的护理,目的在于提高化疗病人的生活质量。