癌性肠梗阻内科治疗的“6字方针”

癌性肠梗阻（MBO）是指原发性或转移性恶性肿瘤本身及其抗肿瘤治疗引起的肠梗阻，是晚期肿瘤患者的常见并发症，总体发生率3%~15%。目前，MBO的治疗仍缺乏统一、有效的治疗规范，大多数医院都采用对症处理的。本文在总结数百例治疗经验基础上，提炼出“减（压）、加（营养）、抑（制消化液分泌）、激（素）、利（尿）、动（运动及促进肠蠕动）”六字方针，简单、实用、有效，通过临床观察，该方案能改善患者症状，恢复经口进食率，提高生活质量和手术治疗的机会，缩短住院时间及降低治疗费用，尽管尚缺乏前瞻性的随机对照研究结果，仍值得推广。     

Is EGFR really a therapeutic target in head and neck cancers?

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in 90% to 100% of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). The overexpression of EGFR and its ligand transforming growth factor is associated with poorer survival. EGFR inhibitors such as Cetuximab (Erbitux) have shown a significant antitumoral effect in SCCHN and has improved locoregional control and as well as survival. Even though there was some success with Cetuximab, work with other EGFR inhibition has not been very fruitful and not really shown any promise. Mechanism of action of Cetuximab could be immune-mediated rather than EGFR inhibition and EGFR may not necessarily be a therapeutic target in SCCHN.     

独活寄生汤联合封闭疗法治疗第三腰椎横突综合征临床研究

目的：观察独活寄生汤联合封闭疗法治疗第三腰椎横突综合征的临床疗效。方法：将第三腰椎横突综合征患者72 例随机分为对照组和观察组，每组36 例。对照组采用地塞米松注射液封闭治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上加用独活寄生汤口服治疗。观察比较2 临床疗效，治疗前后疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS） 评分和腰椎Oswestry 功能障碍指数问卷表（ODI） 评分。结果：总有效率观察组为83.33%，对照组为58.33%，2 组比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后，2 组患者疼痛VAS 评分、腰椎ODI 评分均较治疗前降低（P＜0.05），且观察组两项评分均低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：独活寄生汤联合封闭疗法治疗第三腰椎横突综合征可显著减轻疼痛，改善腰椎功能，疗效优于单纯封闭治疗。     

PELP1 signaling contributes to medulloblastoma progression by regulating the NF-κB pathway

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common and deadliest brain tumor in children. Proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) is a scaffolding protein and its oncogenic signaling is implicated in the progression of several cancers. However, the role of PELP1 in the progression of MB remains unknown. The objective of this study is to examine the role of PELP1 in the progression of MB. Immunohistochemical analysis of MB tissue microarrays revealed that PELP1 is overexpressed in the MB specimens compared to normal brain. Knockdown of PELP1 reduced cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell invasion of MB cell lines. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that PELP1 knockdown significantly downregulated the pathways related to inflammation and extracellular matrix. Gene set enrichment analysis confirmed that the PELP1-regulated genes were negatively correlated with nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis gene sets. Interestingly, PELP1 knockdown reduced the expression of NF-κB target genes, NF-κB reporter activity, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65. Importantly, the knockdown of PELP1 significantly reduced in vivo MB progression in orthotopic models and improved the overall mice survival. Collectively, these results suggest that PELP1 could be a novel target for therapeutic intervention in MB.     

Brain activation during the voiding phase of micturition in healthy adults: A meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies

Several studies have used a variety of neuroimaging techniques to measure brain activity during the voiding phase of micturition. However, there is a lack of consensus on which regions of the brain are activated during voiding. The aim of this meta‐analysis is to identify the brain regions that are consistently activated during voiding in healthy adults across different studies. We searched the literature for neuroimaging studies that reported brain co‐ordinates that were activated during voiding. We excluded studies that reported co‐ordinates only for bladder filling, during pelvic floor contraction only, and studies that focused on abnormal bladder states such as the neurogenic bladder. We used the activation‐likelihood estimation (ALE) approach to create a statistical map of the brain and identify the brain co‐ordinates that were activated across different studies. We identified nine studies that reported brain activation during the task of voiding in 91 healthy subjects. Together, these studies reported 117 foci for ALE analysis. Our ALE map yielded six clusters of activation in the pons, cerebellum, insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), thalamus, and the inferior frontal gyrus. Regions of the brain involved in executive control (frontal cortex), interoception (ACC, insula), motor control (cerebellum, thalamus), and brainstem (pons) are involved in micturition. This analysis provides insight into the supraspinal control of voiding in healthy adults and provides a framework to understand dysfunctional voiding. Clin. Anat., 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores aberrant plasticity in the prefrontal cortex

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown.