应用多层螺旋计算机断层摄影术技术对比分析心房颤动及非心房颤动患者左心耳的形态学特征

目的探讨多层螺旋计算机断层摄影术(Multislice spiral CT,MSCT)对评价心房颤动(房颤)及非房颤患者左心耳形态学的临床应用价值.方法对入选的86例患者分为房颤组44例为拟行导管消融治疗的阵发性房颤患者,对照组42例为无房颤的患者.所有患者经MSCT肺静脉成像检查,进行三维容积重建.测量左心耳容积、左心耳口长短径直径、左心耳与冠状动脉左回旋支的关系、左心耳嵴的长度及宽度.结果房颤组患者左心房容积(119.8±33.4)ml、左心耳容积(10.1±4.8)ml、左心耳口面积(293.2±113.7)mm2、左心耳口长短径(24.3±5.3)mm、(15.6±4.4)mm均显著大于对照组,分别为(89.6±29.2)ml,(7.5±3.1)ml,(221.5±87.6)mm2,(20.8±3.8)mm及(13.0±3.3)mm,有极显著性差异(P＜0.005).房颤组患者左心耳口面积自54.0 mm2～502.4 mm2不等,对照组为111.0 mm2～566.6 mm2不等.而两组中左心耳嵴的长度及宽度、左心耳基部同冠状动脉左回旋支的距离没有显著差别.结论在房颤患者中,除了左心房的增大,左心耳容积及左心耳口面积也显著地增大,提示左心耳形态学的改变同房颤的发生密切相关.房颤患者左心耳口面积相差很大,术前评价左心耳口对选择封堵器及其型号很有帮助.另一方面,左心耳非常接近冠状动脉回旋支,基于左心耳基部消融时,应谨慎选择消融策略以避免损伤回旋支.MSCT可作为测量及评价左心房、左心耳相关指标,明确左心耳周围组织结构的有效检查手段.     

上腔静脉隔离对迷走神经功能及心房颤动易感性的影响

目的 通过分析迷走神经调节的心房电生理指标(心房有效不应期及心房颤动易感窗口)的变化,间接揭示上腔静脉(SVC)隔离对犬的心房迷走神经功能及心房颤动(房颤)易感性的影响.方法 9条成年杂种犬,全身麻醉下行颈交感-迷走神经干剥离术.经右颈内静脉穿刺放置冠状静脉窦导管,经股静脉穿刺放置右心室导管(行临时右心室起搏)、环状标测导管(Lasso导管)及消融导管.静脉应用美托洛尔阻断交感神经活性.分别于SVC隔离前后在基础状态及迷走神经刺激时测量右心耳(RAA)、冠状静脉窦近端(CSp)和冠状静脉窦远端(CSd)的不应期(ERP)、心房易感窗口(VW)及窦性周长(SCL).结果 (1)窦性周长的变化SVC隔离前迷走神经刺激明显缩短SCL[(65.78±28.49)次/min vs(142.67±15.42)次/min,P《0.001],SVC隔离后基础状态及迷走神经刺激下SCL差异无统计学意义[(134.89±19.19)次/min vs(114.33±31.41)次/min,P》0.05].(2)有效不应期的变化SVC隔离前,迷走神经刺激下测得的心房ERP较基础状态下明显缩短[右心耳(RAA)分别为(51.11±18.33)ms vs(101.11±27.59)ms;CSd分别为(56.67±22.36)ms VS(98.89±14.53)ms;CSp分别为(48.89±25.22)ms vs(101.11±12.69)ms,P《0.001].SVC隔离后,迷走神经刺激所致的心房ERP缩短的能力明显下降(RAA分别为(94.40±16.70)ms vs(94.44±16.67)ms;CSd分别为(89±15)ms vs(96.7±18.0)ms;CSp分别为(93.3±18.7)ms vs(98.9±20.3)ms,P》0.05].(3)心房易感窗口的变化 SVC隔离前后基础状态下测得的VW无变化.SVC隔离后迷走神经刺激时测得的VW较隔离前明显降低[RAA分别为(6.67±11.18)ms vs(21.11±20.88)ms,CSd分别为(8.89±14.52)ms vs(16.66±23.97)ms,CSp分别为(2.22±6.67)ms vs(22.22±18.55)ms,P《0.05].结论 SVC隔离能导致迷走神经介导的窦房结抑制、心房不应期缩短能力及房颤易感窗口增加能力明显下降.提示SVC隔离可导致心房局部去神经反应,抑制迷走神经介导的房颤发生.     

心房肌的复极与阵发性心房颤动发生机制的实验研究

目的心房肌的复极对阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)的诱发及维持起着重要的作用.本研究使用单相动作电位技术(MAP)对在体犬左、右房肌的复极时间及房颤的诱发进行研究,以探讨心房肌对阵发性房颤发生和维持的潜在机制.     

心房肌的复极与阵发性房颤发生机制的实验研究

目的使用单相动作电位技术(MAP)对在体犬左、右心房肌的复极时间进行研究,以探讨阵发性心房颤动(房颤)发生与维持的潜在机制.     

通过体表心电图评价不同部位起搏时心脏整体复极离散的变化

目的观察心脏不同部位起搏时体表心电图评价心室肌复极指标的变化,了解不同部位起搏对心室肌整体复极离散的影响。方法 10只健康猪,分别在右心房(RA)、右心室心尖部心内膜(RVEndo)及左心室心外膜(LVEpi)起搏,记录并测量体表心电图12个导联的T波峰-末间期(Tpe)和QT间期,计算Tpe平均值(Tpe-AVE)、Tpe最大值(Tpe-MAX)以及QT间期离散度(QTd),比较不同部位起搏时上述各参数的差异,进一步评价不同起部位对心室整体复极离散的影响。结果 LVEpi、RA、RVEndo起搏时的QT间期分别为(328±24)ms、(295±13)ms、(304±17)ms,LVEpi起搏时的QT间期明显长于RA及RVEndo起搏时的QT间期(P<0.05),RA与RVEndo起搏时QT间期没有明显差别。LVEpi、RA、RVEndo起搏的QT离散度(QTd)分别为(33±6)ms、(17±3)ms、(18±3)ms,LVEpi起搏时的QTd明显大于RA及RVEndo起搏时的QTd(P>0.05),RA与RVEndo起搏时QTd没有明显差别(P>0.05)。RA起搏时Tpe-AVE及Tpe-MAX分别为49±6ms及58±8 ms,与RVEndo起搏相近(49±8)ms及(60±8)ms,P>0.05);LVEpi起搏时Tpe-AVE及Tpe-MAX明显增大(63±7)ms及(71±8)ms,与RA、RVEndo起搏时比较两者(P<0.05)。结论与RA及RVEndo起搏时比较,LVEpi起搏时的QT间期、QTd、Tpe-AVE及Tpe-MAX均明显增大,LVEpi起搏可能会增加心室整体复极离散。     

心房肌的复极与阵发性心房颤动发生机制的实验研究

目的　对在体犬左、右心房肌的复极时间进行研究 ,探讨阵发性心房颤动 (房颤 )发生与维持的潜在机制。方法　记录基础心律、非程序刺激及早搏刺激 (SR、S1 、S2 )时 1 4只犬左、右心房的单相动作电位 (MAP)和有效不应期 (ERP) ,测量每个动作电位的幅度和动作电位时程 [复极达90 %、80 %、5 0 %时的动作电位时程 (ms,APD90 、APD80 、APD50 ) ]。并在记录过程中同时观察房颤的诱发情况。结果　记录满意MAP信号 1 2例 ,共标测 2 6点 (右房 1 7点 ,左房 9点 ) ,MAP振幅平均(6 98± 1 76 )mV ,左心房APD90 和APD50 小于右心房 [(1 5 7 4± 4 3 5 0 )ms比 (1 70 9± 37 9)ms ,P <0 0 5 ;(88 4± 1 9 1 )ms比 (1 0 0 1± 2 1 2 )ms,P <0 0 5 )。其中左房刺激发作 38阵 ,明显多于右房 2 3阵 (P <0 0 5 )。由左房诱发房颤的早搏的偶联间期明显比在右房诱发的短 (P <0 0 5 )。起源于左房的房颤的早搏参数小于起源于右房的 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　左、右心房间具有MAP的异质性的复极特性 ,是诱发折返、发生和维持房颤的基质。     

导管射频消融电隔离心脏大静脉治疗阵发性心房颤动93例

目的总结导管射频消融行心房-肺静脉和(或)上腔静脉电隔离(大静脉电隔离)治疗阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的疗效. 方法选择发作频繁,症状明显,药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤患者,年龄小于75岁,无瓣膜病等器质性心脏病依据.     

房室结慢径区域消融对迷走神经功能及心房颤动易感性的影响

Objective Atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) ablation may effect the vagal response,which is indicated by sinus tachycardia. On the other hand,atrial fibrillation (AF) ,which was found to be associated with vagal irmervation, often coexists with AVNRT. However,little is known about the im-pact of slow pathway ablation on local vagal innervation to atria. Methods In 11 dogs, bilateral cervical sympa-thovagal trunks were decentralized and metoprolol was given to block sympathetic effects. Linear lesion was per-formed from coronary sinus (CS) ostium to the middle area of Koch triangle. Atrial effective refractory period(ERP) ,vulnerability window (VW) of AF, and sinus rhythm cycle length (SCL) were measured at high fight atrium (HRA),low right atrium (LRA), distal (CSd) and proximal CS (CSp) at baseline with and without vagal stimulation before and after ablation. The histological study was also performed. Results (1) SCL during vagal stimulation remained unchanged before and after ablation(107±19)bpm vs (108±8) bpm (P > 0.05). (2) After ablation, ERP during vagal stimulation remained unchanged at HRA (55±34) ms vs (69 ±37) ms (P >0.05),and decreased slightly at CSd (42±32) ms vs (55±30) ms (P =0.08). However,at LRA and CSp,ERP was significantly decreased after ablation (19±21) ms vs (66±24) ms (P <0.001) ; and (7± 18) ms vs (46±24) ms (P < 0.001), respectively. (3) AF was difficult to be induced at baseline before and after ablation in all sites (VW close to 0). While during vagal stimulation, after ablation VW of AF significantly decreased at LRA (1±3) ms vs (49±36) ms (P < 0.005) and CSp (10±12) ms vs (45±34) ms (P < 0.05) ,decreased slightly at CSd after ablation (35±37) ms vs (57±28) ms (P =0.07) ,and remained un-changed at HRA (63±31) ms vs (63±25) ms (P > 0.05). (4) The altered architecture of individual gan-glia was histologically observed. Conclusions The decreased ERP shortening to vagal stimulation in CS and LRA induced by slow pathway ablation indicates that ablation in such area may result in the vagal dennervation in LRA and CS,thereby attenuating the susceptibility to vagal mediated AF. While unchanged SCL,ERP short-ening and VW to vagal stimulation in sinus node area and HRA indicate that slow pathway ablation did not change the vagal innervation to these sites.     

房室结慢径区域消融对迷走神经功能及心房颤动易感性的影响

Objective Atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) ablation may effect the vagal response,which is indicated by sinus tachycardia. On the other hand,atrial fibrillation (AF) ,which was found to be associated with vagal irmervation, often coexists with AVNRT. However,little is known about the im-pact of slow pathway ablation on local vagal innervation to atria. Methods In 11 dogs, bilateral cervical sympa-thovagal trunks were decentralized and metoprolol was given to block sympathetic effects. Linear lesion was per-formed from coronary sinus (CS) ostium to the middle area of Koch triangle. Atrial effective refractory period(ERP) ,vulnerability window (VW) of AF, and sinus rhythm cycle length (SCL) were measured at high fight atrium (HRA),low right atrium (LRA), distal (CSd) and proximal CS (CSp) at baseline with and without vagal stimulation before and after ablation. The histological study was also performed. Results (1) SCL during vagal stimulation remained unchanged before and after ablation(107±19)bpm vs (108±8) bpm (P > 0.05). (2) After ablation, ERP during vagal stimulation remained unchanged at HRA (55±34) ms vs (69 ±37) ms (P >0.05),and decreased slightly at CSd (42±32) ms vs (55±30) ms (P =0.08). However,at LRA and CSp,ERP was significantly decreased after ablation (19±21) ms vs (66±24) ms (P <0.001) ; and (7± 18) ms vs (46±24) ms (P < 0.001), respectively. (3) AF was difficult to be induced at baseline before and after ablation in all sites (VW close to 0). While during vagal stimulation, after ablation VW of AF significantly decreased at LRA (1±3) ms vs (49±36) ms (P < 0.005) and CSp (10±12) ms vs (45±34) ms (P < 0.05) ,decreased slightly at CSd after ablation (35±37) ms vs (57±28) ms (P =0.07) ,and remained un-changed at HRA (63±31) ms vs (63±25) ms (P > 0.05). (4) The altered architecture of individual gan-glia was histologically observed. Conclusions The decreased ERP shortening to vagal stimulation in CS and LRA induced by slow pathway ablation indicates that ablation in such area may result in the vagal dennervation in LRA and CS,thereby attenuating the susceptibility to vagal mediated AF. While unchanged SCL,ERP short-ening and VW to vagal stimulation in sinus node area and HRA indicate that slow pathway ablation did not change the vagal innervation to these sites.     

复杂先天性心脏病患者植入永存左上腔内导线起搏治疗成功一例

右旋心是一种少见的先天性心脏病(先心病),而右旋心合并单心房、永存左上腔静脉,经外科手术治疗存活患者则更为少见.本文报道了1例复杂先心病同时存在窦房结、房室结功能障碍而成功于上腔静脉内植入起搏电极导线的病例.