超微经皮肾镜取石术在直径1.5～2.5 cm肾及输尿管上段结石患者中的应用

目的探讨超微经皮肾镜取石术(UMP)应用于直径1.5~2.5 cm肾及输尿管上段结石患者中的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2018年6月-2020年6月宿迁市第一人民医院收治的60例直径为1.5~2.5 cm肾及输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料,均采用UMP治疗,分析患者手术时间、住院时间、手术成功率、结石清除率、并发症发生率及额外镇痛药使用情况。结果60例患者均一期建立通道并顺利完成手术。所有患者均未行单通道手术,未接受输血,无毗邻脏器损伤(肠道、肝脏和脾脏等),无血气胸发生;存在尿外渗或者有明显症状的腹膜后灌注液患者3例(5.0%),均行保守治疗好转;发热(体温高于38℃)5例(8.3%),均对症治疗后好转;无感染性休克患者。手术时间为35~98 min,平均(56.1±21.3)min;术后住院天数为3~8 d,平均(4.1±1.8)d;术后立即评估结石清除率为85.0%(51/60),术后1个月评估结石清除率为91.7%(55/60);术后镇痛药使用率为15.0%(9/60)。结论UMP是治疗直径1.5~2.5 cm肾及输尿管上段结石安全、有效的治疗方法之一,值得临床推广。     

Long-term prevention of bladder cancer progression by alpha1-oleate alone or in combination with chemotherapy

Bladder cancer is common and one of the most costly cancer forms, due to a lack of curative therapies. Recently, clinical safety and efficacy of the alpha1-oleate complex was demonstrated in a placebo-controlled study of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Our study investigated if long-term therapeutic efficacy is improved by repeated treatment cycles and by combining alpha1-oleate with low-dose chemotherapy. Rapidly growing bladder tumors were treated by intravesical instillation of alpha1-oleate, Epirubicin or Mitomycin C alone or in combination. One treatment cycle arrested tumor growth, with a protective effect lasting at least 4 weeks in mice receiving 8.5 mM of alpha1-oleate alone or 1.7 mM of alpha-oleate combined with Epirubicin or Mitomycin C. Repeated treatment cycles extended protection, defined by a lack of bladder pathology and a virtual absence of bladder cancer-specific gene expression. Synergy with Epirubicin was detected at the lower alpha1-oleate concentration and in vitro, alpha1-oleate was shown to enhance the uptake and nuclear translocation of Epirubicin, by tumor cells. Effects at the chromatin level affecting cell proliferation were further suggested by reduced BrdU incorporation. In addition, alpha1-oleate triggered DNA fragmentation, defined by the TUNEL assay. The results suggest that bladder cancer development may be prevented long-term in the murine model, by alpha1-oleate alone or in combination with low-dose Epirubicin. In addition, the combination of alpha1-oleate and Epirubicin reduced the size of established tumors. Exploring these potent preventive and therapeutic effects will be of immediate interest in patients with bladder cancer.     

Urological infections after endourological procedures

In the past two decades, endourological procedures such as ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) have become the mainstay of managing kidney stone disease (KSD), with URS also used for investigating upper urinary tract lesions. Post-endourological infections affect between 1% and 6% of cases. Numerous risk factors have been identified, including longer operative times and indwelling ureteric stents, but the literature is largely heterogeneous. Identification of risk factors preoperatively include the use of pre-operative urine culture, minimizing stent dwell time and targeted antibiotic use. Intraoperatively, efforts need to be made in minimizing operative times and intra-renal pressures. Although rare, urinary tract infections following endourological procedures remain a risk, with a smaller minority developing potentially deadly urosepsis. Clinical decisions on prevention and treatment of severe sepsis have to be individualized based on the risk factors. Machine learning techniques are currently being utilized to build these tools and might provide an answer in the future.     

预测非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者复发的炎症反应标志物评分系统构建

目的探讨采用4种炎症反应标志物构建预测非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌(NMIBC)患者复发的炎症评分系统。方法选取海南医学院第一附属医院在2012-01-01-2016-02-27收治的271例NMIBC患者。术前1周收集患者中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、白蛋白与球蛋白比值(AGR)、淋巴细胞与单核细胞比值(LMR)。基于NLR、PLR、AGR和LMR最佳截断值构建中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值-血小板和淋巴细胞比值-白蛋白球蛋白比值-淋巴细胞和单核细胞比值(NPAL)评分系统(NPALSS),并结合多因素Cox风险比例模型分析NPALSS的临床价值。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间18~89个月,平均时间为(55.84±22.68)个月。随访末期64例患者复发,复发率为23.6%,中位无复发生存时间41个月。NLR、PLR、AGR和LMR 4种炎症反应标志物的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.785、0.694、0.866和0.750,最佳截断值分别为2.37、136、1.71和3.64。NLR≤2.37、PLR<136、AGR≥1.71、LMR≤3.64患者的无复发生存率高于NLR>2.37、PLR≥136、AGR<1.71、LMR>3.64患者,均Log-rank P<0.001。NPALSS不同等级的生存曲线比较差异有统计学意义,均Log-rank P<0.001。肿瘤数量(HR多发=1.026,95%CI为1.002~1.051)、T分期(HRT1=1.031,95%CI为1.009~1.054)、NPALSS(HR_1级=1.017,95%CI为1.001~1.034;HR_2级=1.935,95%CI为1.438~2.605;HR_3级=2.213,95%CI为1.646~2.977;HR_4级=2.518,95%CI为1.810~3.503)是NMIBC患者复发的独立危险因素,均P<0.05。结论结合NLR、PLR、AGR和LMR最佳截断值所构建的NPALSS可以有效预测高复发风险的NMIBC患者。     

尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1评估非浸润性膀胱癌患者复发的价值

目的探究尿液外泌体长链非编码RNA前列腺癌相关转录本1（lncRNA PCAT-1）评估非浸润性膀胱癌患者复发的价值。方法随机选取2015年1月—2016年3月进行治疗的非浸润性膀胱癌患者50例作为非浸润性膀胱癌组，选取同期在进行健康体检的健康受检者50例作为对照组。测定两组尿液外泌体中lncRNA PCAT-1表达情况。分析尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1表达与临床病理参数的相关性、尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1与尿液脱落细胞学对非浸润性膀胱癌的诊断价值、影响非浸润性膀胱癌患者复发的相关因素，评估非浸润性膀胱癌复发的价值及尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1表达与非浸润性膀胱癌患者预后的关系。结果与对照组比较，非浸润性膀胱癌组患者尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1表达水平明显升高（P<0.01）。尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1表达与病理分期具有明显相关性（P<0.01）。尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1诊断非浸润性膀胱癌的曲线下面积明显高于尿液脱落细胞学。采用Cox比例风险因素回归模型分析，病理分期及lncRNA PCAT-1均为影响非浸润性膀胱癌患者复发的独立危险因素。以尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1相对表达量5.14±1.04分为高表达组（23例）与低表达组（27例），Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析结果显示，lncRNA PCAT-1低表达量组生存期明显高于lncRNA PCAT-1高表达组。结论外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1在非浸润性膀胱癌患者尿液中的表达水平较健康受检者明显升高，且其表达水平与患者病理分期明显相关。尿液外泌体lncRNA PCAT-1对评估非浸润性膀胱癌患者的复发具有重要作用。