Bone regeneration in critical-sized mandibular symphysis defects using bioceramics with or without bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in healthy,diabetic, osteoporotic,and diabetic-osteoporotic rats

ObjectivesTo compare new bone formation in mandibular critical-sized bone defects (CSBDs) in healthy, diabetic, osteoporotic, and diabetic-osteoporotic rats filled with bioceramics (BCs) with or without bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).MethodsA total of 64 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (n = 16 per group): Group 1 healthy, Group 2 diabetic, Group 3 osteoporotic, and Group 4 diabetic-osteoporotic rats. Streptozotocin was used to induce type 1 diabetes in Group 2 and 4, while bilateral ovariectomy was used to induce osteoporosis in Group 3 and 4. The central portion of the rat mandibular symphysis was used as a physiological CSBD. In each group, eight defects were filled with BC (hydroxypatatite 60% and β-tricalcium phosphate 40%) alone and eight with BMSCs cultured on BC. The animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks, and the mandibles were processed for micro-computed tomography to analyze radiological union and bone mineral density (BMD); histological analysis of the bone union; and immunohistochemical analysis, which included immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2).ResultsIn all groups (healthy, diabetics, osteoporotics, and diabetics-osteoporotics), the CSBDs filled with BC + BMSCs showed greater radiological bone union, BMD, histological bone union, and more VEGF and BMP-2 positivity, in comparison with CSBDs treated with BC alone (at 4 and 8 weeks).ConclusionsApplication of BMSCs cultured on BCs improves bone regeneration in CSBDs compared with application of BCs alone in healthy, diabetic, osteoporotic, and diabetic-osteoporotic rats.     

带阴毛穿支皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　探讨阴阜区穿支血管的解剖学特征，为修复头面部带毛区皮肤软组织缺损提供解剖学基础。 方法　选用体积分数10%甲醛常规防腐固定的成人尸体标本15具（30例，男18例、女12例），采用乳胶灌注、显微解剖、摹拟手术等方法，重点观测：①阴阜区穿支血管的起始、走行、分支与分布；②阴阜区穿支间的吻合情况。 结果　阴阜区皮肤血供主要由阴部外浅动脉供养，该动脉自股动脉发出后行向内上，在大隐静脉末段内、外侧分出上、下两支。上支向内上跨过腹股沟韧带进入阴阜部，并在前正中线附近与对侧同名动脉相吻合，走行过程中发皮支供养阴阜部阴毛覆盖区大部皮肤。下支近水平行向内侧进入耻骨前区，沿途分支营养股内侧部上份、耻骨前区及阴囊（唇）。上、下支起始外径分别为（1.2±0.2）mm和（1.1±0.3）mm。 结论　阴阜区皮肤血供丰富，可以阴部外浅动脉穿支为蒂设计带阴毛阴阜区皮瓣修复头面部带毛区皮肤软组织缺损术式。     

Clinically applied anatomy of the pelvis

The bony pelvis is an irregular but complete bony ring made up of the right and left hip bones anterolaterally and the sacrococcygeal part of the vertebral column posteriorly. The two hip bones are firmly united anteriorly at the pubic symphysis, and together constitute the pelvic girdle. The pelvic girdle articulates with the femoral heads and thereby connects the vertebral column (axial skeleton) to the two femora (appendicular skeleton). The main functions of the pelvic girdle are to transmit weight from the upper body to the lower limbs during locomotion and while standing, and to support the weight of the upper body when seated or stationary. Another important function of the bony pelvis is to provide attachment for the powerful muscles (e.g. gluteal muscles) that act on the lower limb and those muscles that support the abdominal wall. The bony pelvis also provides ample protection to the many delicate viscera, vessels and nerves that lie within the pelvic cavity. Successful orthopaedic management of disruptions of the bony pelvis and management of associated injuries to intrapelvic viscera require a sound appreciation of the anatomy of the pelvic ring and pelvic cavity.     

Physiological in vitro sacroiliac joint motion: a study on three‐dimensional posterior pelvic ring kinematics

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a well‐known source of low back and pelvic pain, of increasing interest for both conservative and surgical treatment. Alterations in the kinematics of the pelvis have been hypothesized as a major cause of SIJ‐related pain. However, definitions of both the range and the extent of physiological movement are controversial, and there are no clear baseline data for pathological alterations. The present study combined a novel biomechanical setup allowing for physiological motion of the lumbosacral transition and pelvis without restricting the SIJ movement in vitro, combined with optical image correlation. Six fresh human pelvises (81 ± 10 years, three females, three males) were tested, with bodyweight‐adapted loading applied to the fifth lumbar vertebra and both acetabula. Deformation at the lumbopelvises was determined computationally from three‐dimensional image correlation data. Sacroiliac joint motion under the loading of 100% bodyweight primarily consisted of a z‐axis rotation (0.16°) and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium (0.32 mm). Sacroiliac joint flexion‐extension rotations were minute (< 0.02°). Corresponding movements of the SIJ were found at the lumbosacral transition, with an anterior translation of L5 relative to the sacrum of ?0.97 mm and an inferior translation of 0.11 mm, respectively. Moreover, a flexion of 1.82° was observed at the lumbosacral transition. Within the innominate bone and at the pubic symphysis, small complementary rotations were seen around a vertical axis, accounting for ?0.10° and 0.11°, respectively. Other motions were minute and accompanied by large interindividual variation. The present study provides evidence of different SIJ motions than reported previously when exerted by physiological loading. Sacroiliac joint kinematics were in the sub‐degree and sub‐millimeter range, in line with previous in vivo and in vitro findings, largely limited to the sagittal rotation and an inferior translation of the sacrum relative to the ilium. This given physiological loading scenario underlines the relevance of the lumbosacral transition when considering the overall motion of the lumbopelvis, and how relatively little the other segments contribute to overall motion.     

Morbidity of chin bone harvesting

The chin is a very common donor site for autogenous bone grafts. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate long-term morbidity of the donor site following chin bone graft harvesting. One to three years after grafting of local bone defects of the anterior maxilla with chin bone, 21 patients were recalled for objective assessment of any residual morbidity at the harvesting area. Morbidity as well as satisfaction of the patients were evaluated by a survey of the medical record, a mail-in questionnaire, and a standardized physical examination. The outcome of this study showed that there was good acceptance of the chin bone harvesting procedure. The objective morbidity was low, but subjectively almost half of the patients reported a changed (decreased) sensibility in the harvesting area. This subjective change in sensibility did not result in noteworthy complaints or discomfort by the patients, however. Although bone harvesting from the chin is generally considered as a good option for reconstruction of local bony defects, the patients should be informed about the potential hazard of a changed sensibility in the chin region.     

A new incision design for mandibular symphysis bone-grafting procedures

BACKGROUND: Traditional methods of procuring mandibular symphysis bone grafts may leave soft tissue scarring, and cause paresthesia and lip droop. METHODS: Nineteen patients selected for treatment were given general health, periodontal, and radiographic evaluations. Patients had inadequate bone volume for dental implant placement or required preprosthetic ridge augmentation procedures. Prior to surgery, bone sounding was performed to determine tissue thickness. All patients had a minimum of 4 mm of keratinized gingiva. Under local anesthesia, incisions were initiated within the keratinized gingiva. Full-thickness mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated, and small burs were used to obtain bone blocks from the mandibular symphysis. A bone-scraping device was used to obtain strips of cortical bone. A combination of sling and interrupted sutures was used for wound closure. RESULTS: All patients healed uneventfully without wound dehiscence, paresthesia, or lip droop. Sufficient bone was obtained for ridge or sinus augmentation with eventual implant placement. CONCLUSIONS: A new incision design is presented. This flap design is carried out within keratinized gingiva. Limiting the flap design to keratinized tissue facilitates flap closure and avoids wound dehiscence.     

颏部骨移植修复牙槽裂的临床研究

１６例单侧唇腭裂伴牙槽裂和１例双侧唇腭裂伴牙槽裂患者，用下颌正中联合区骨移植修得牙槽裂，术后随访时间平均１８个月，术后６个月，咬合Ｘ线片证明移植骨完全愈合，再造牙槽突的形态满意且无牙周并发症，手术后６个月Ｘ线片见供区愈合，下颌骨正中联合骨移植有并发症少，住院时间短，手术时间短而且可避免供区瘢痕等优点，本研究结果表明下颌正中联合区骨可用作为整复牙槽裂的供区。     

Relationship between mentalis muscle hyperactivity and mandibular symphysis morphology in skeletal Class I and II patients

PurposeTo investigate the relationship between mentalis muscle activity and mandibular symphysis morphology in patients with Class I or II skeletal patterns.Materials and methods123 female Thai patients (17 years old+) participated in the present study. Subject pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were examined. All subjects were diagnosed as having a skeletal normal bite. Subjects were grouped according to their sagittal skeletal pattern (ANB angle) into Class I (ANB 2–6) or Class II (ANB > 6). For each skeletal type, the subjects were divided into 2 groups, normal mentalis muscle activity (control group) and hyperactivity (experimental group). The skeletal Class I group comprised 37 subjects with mentalis muscle hyperactivity and 31 subjects with normal activity, while the skeletal Class II group comprised 30 hyperactive and 25 normal activity subjects. Eight cephalometric variables (angular, linear, and proportional measurements) were measured to evaluate mandibular symphysis morphology. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test or Independent-Sample t-test based on the normality of the data.ResultsIn the skeletal Class I type, the experimental group revealed a trend of narrower alveolar symphysis width and greater symphysis height compared to the control group, but this was not significant. However, in the skeletal Class II type, the experimental group demonstrated significantly narrower alveolar symphysis width and significantly greater symphysis height compared to the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionAn increase in mandibular symphysis height and decrease in alveolar symphysis width may relate to mentalis muscle hyperactivity, and such relationship is more obvious in patients with Class II skeletal pattern.     

电刺激联合中医推拿对产后腹直肌分离的疗效分析

腹直肌分离是指两侧腹直肌在腹中线位置向两侧分开,是产后妇女常见症状。目前国内外对腹直肌分离的诊断尚未完全统一,一般指分离距离超过2 cm[1-3]。产后腹直肌分离可影响产妇形体美观,持续长期存在还可能影响骨盆脊柱的稳定性,改变盆腹动力学,增加慢性盆腔疼痛、盆底功能障碍及腰疼等风险[4]。目前腹直肌分离的治疗方法有期待治疗、电刺激治疗、中医疗法、锻炼疗法、手术治疗等,但其治疗效果尚需更多的循证医学证据来支持。随着三孩政策的实施以及女性对生活质量要求的提高,腹直肌分离的规范有效治疗也更为迫切。本研究对电刺激联合中医推拿的治疗效果进行探讨,以期为腹直肌分离产妇的快速康复提供参考依据。