基于UHPLC-MS/MS的药用植物内源性激素含量检测方法及黄花蒿不同器官激素的测定

目的 激素是调控植物活性次生代谢产物合成途径的核心调控因子，内源激素结构多样、含量极低，检测难度高，缺乏高效、准确的检测方法。本研究利用超高效液相色谱串联质谱（UHPLC-MS/MS）技术构建了对黄花蒿中茉莉酸、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、生长素、脱落酸等多类植物内源性激素高效定量检测方法。方法 使用Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18（2.7 μm， 3.0×150 mm）色谱柱，流动相为0.05%甲酸水-乙腈溶液，梯度洗脱，采用多反应监测模式验证方法可行性，并对黄花蒿不同器官中植物激素进行定量分析。结果 本方法中检测的16种植物激素均呈良好线性，加样回收率、精密度和稳定性均符合植物样品的测定要求。利用此方法测定青蒿不同器官的激素含量，结果表明脱落酸、茉莉酸、茉莉酸甲酯均在叶中含量较高，赤霉素和生长素在根部含量高，细胞分裂素在叶和茎中含量高。结论 青蒿不同器官的激素测定结果可进一步印证脱落酸、茉莉酸、茉莉酸甲酯在调控青蒿素合成中起着重要作用的相关报道，同时表明该方法检测性良好。本文构建的植物内源性激素的检测方法为进一步探究植物生长发育、抵御外界胁迫的相关机制及次生代谢产物的合成等方面提供了手段。     

基于人工智能的骨龄辅助评价系统对四川地区完全性生长激素缺乏症患儿骨龄研究

目的探讨采用基于"人工智能(AI)的骨龄辅助评价系统(上海初云医疗科技有限公司与四川大学华西第二医院合作开发)"(以下简称为AI系统)对完全性生长激素缺乏症(CGHD)患儿诊断及骨龄评价准确性。 方法选择2014年7月至2019年11月，于四川大学华西第二医院确诊的66例来自四川地区CGHD患儿为研究对象，纳入研究组。选择同期于病例收集医院儿童保健科进行骨龄测定的67例来自四川地区身高达标儿童作为对照，纳入对照组。对每例受试儿进行左手腕关节正位X射线摄片骨龄测定，由2位医师采用《TW₂骨龄评分法中国未成年人南方标准》(以下简称为TW₂CHN)》与《TW₃骨龄评分法标准》(以下简称为TW₃)，盲法评价受试儿TW₂CHN-桡、尺、掌指骨(RUS)与TW₂CHN-腕骨(carpal)、TW₂CHN-20、TW₃-RUS及TW₃-carpal骨龄(以下简称为5种传统骨龄)，以及以同性别、年龄身高达标儿童5种传统骨龄为标准，计算受试儿5种传统骨龄百分位数。同时，采用AI系统分别对每例受试儿采取TW₂CHN与TW₃法，评价其AI-TW₂CHN-RUS、AI-TW₂CHN-carpal、AI-TW₂CHN-20、AI-TW₃-RUS及AI-TW₃-carpal骨龄(以下简称为5种AI骨龄)及其相应百分位数。以上述5种传统骨龄＋5种AI骨龄(以下简称为10种骨龄)相应的P₅₀、P₂₅、P₁₀、P₃值(统称为P_n值)作为诊断CGHD患儿临界值，分别计算其诊断CGHD患儿的敏感度、特异度、约登(Youden)指数、准确率、阳性似然比、阴性似然比、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。采用Kappa值评价2组受试儿5种传统骨龄百分位数与对应的5种AI骨龄百分位数评价结果的一致性，以及2位医师对2组受试儿TW₂CHN-RUS骨龄百分位数评价结果一致性。绘制上述10种骨龄百分位数诊断CGHD患儿的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线，并计算曲线下面积(AUC)。采用配对t检验，对2组受试儿TW₂CHN骨龄与TW₃骨龄进行比较。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年新修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求。2组受试儿年龄、性别构成比等一般临床资料比较，差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结果①采用10种骨龄的P_n值分别作为诊断CGHD临界值，对133例受试儿CGHD诊断结果显示，除了TW₃-RUS骨龄中，以骨龄≤P₁₀作为诊断CGHD患儿临界值时的诊断准确率最高(85.0%)，TW₂CHN-RUS、TW₂CHN-carpal、TW₂CHN-20、TW₃-carpal、AI-TW₂CHN-RUS、AI-TW₂CHN-carpal、AI-TW₂CHN-20、AI-TW₃-carpal、AI-TW₃-RUS骨龄中，均为以骨龄≤P₂₅作为临界值时，对CGHD的诊断准确率最高，分别为81.9%、75.2%、88.0%、78.2%、75.2%、73.6%、81.2%、72.9%、78.9%。②一致性检验结果显示，2组受试儿TW₂CHN-RUS与AI-TW₂CHN-RUS、TW₂CHN-carpal与AI-TW₂CHN-carpal、TW₂CHN-20与AI-TW₂CHN-20、TW₃-RUS与AI-TW₃-RUS、TW₃-carpal与AI-TW₃-carpal骨龄百分位数评价结果均为中等一致性，Kappa值分别为0.445、0.578、0.570、0.446、0.430(均为P<0.001)。③对2位医师对2组受试儿TW₂CHN-RUS骨龄百分位数评价结果进行一致性检验显示，其Kappa值为0.790(P<0.001)，一致性较高。④绘制10种骨龄百分位数评价结果诊断CGHD的ROC曲线分析结果显示，TW₂CHN-RUS、TW₂CHN-carpal、TW₂CHN-20、TW₃-carpal、TW₃-RUS、AI-TW₂CHN-RUS、AI-TW₂CHN-carpal、AI-TW₂CHN-20、AI-TW₃-carpal、AI-TW₃-RUS骨龄百分位数诊断CGHD患儿的AUC分别为0.932、0.859、0.915、0.895、0.844、0.823、0.805、0.866、0.860、0.764(均为P<0.001)。⑤133例受试儿的TW₃-RUS、TW₃-carpal、AI-TW₃-RUS、AI-TW₃-carpal骨龄，均分别显著低于TW₂CHN-RUS、TW₂CHN-carpal、AI-TW₂CHN-RUS、AI-TW₂CHN-carpal骨龄，并且差异均有统计学意义(t＝21.746、25.287、16.498、9.290，P<0.001)。 结论TW₂CHN法、TW₃法对CGHD患儿骨龄评价及诊断均有临床价值，TW₂CHN-RUS骨龄对于CGDH患儿诊断效能高。四川地区儿童TW₃骨龄较TW₂CHN骨龄低，TW₃法可能不完全适用于四川地区儿童骨龄评价。AI系统对于四川地区CGHD患儿骨龄评价结果与传统骨龄评价结果具有中等一致性，可为临床医师评价受试儿骨龄提供帮助。     

Systemic therapy for hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative early stage and metastatic breast cancer

Hormone receptor (HR)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer is defined by the presence of the estrogen receptor and/or the progesterone receptor and the absence of HER2 gene amplification. HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer accounts for 65%–70% of all breast cancers, and incidence increases with increasing age. Treatment varies by stage, and endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment in both early stage and late-stage disease. Combinations with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors have reduced distant recurrence in the early stage setting and improved overall survival in the metastatic setting. Chemotherapy is used based on stage and tumor biology in the early stage setting and after endocrine resistance for advanced disease. New therapies, including novel endocrine agents and antibody-drug conjugates, are now changing the treatment landscape. With the availability of new treatment options, it is important to define the optimal sequence of treatment to maximize clinical benefit while minimizing toxicity. In this review, the authors first discuss the pathologic and molecular features of HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer and mechanisms of endocrine resistance. Then, they discuss current and emerging therapies for both early stage and metastatic HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer, including treatment algorithms based on current data.     

Diagnosis of pituitary abscess and treatment via transsphenoidal surgery: experience from 15 cases

ObjectivePituitary abscess is an often misdiagnosed, rare clinical disorder. To improve diagnostic accuracy and the efficacy of surgical and antibiotic therapy for patients with pituitary abscess, herein, we retrospectively reviewed 15 patients who presented with pituitary abscesses from 2005 to 2022.DesignRetrospective study.PatientsFifteen patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery and received antibiotic treatment.MeasurementsComplete details regarding medical history, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, imaging studies, and treatment strategies were obtained for all patients.ResultsMost patients presented with hypopituitarism and headaches, while some presented with fever, visual disturbances, and diabetes insipidus (DI). Abscesses showed significant annular enhancement post gadolinium injection. In most patients, pituitary abscess can be cured via microscopic or endoscopic drainage of the abscess followed by antibiotic treatment. Complete cure of pituitary abscess was observed in nine patients, with six cases of prolonged hypopituitarism and only one case of recurrence. Long-term hormone replacement therapy was effective in the postoperative management of hypopituitarism.ConclusionsThe typical manifestations of pituitary abscess include hypopituitarism and headaches; the presence of an enhanced ring at the edge of the mass on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images (MRI) is highly suggestive of pituitary abscess. We recommend antibiotic treatment for 4–6 weeks postoperatively, based on the results of bacterial cultures or metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS).     

Turner Syndrome and Fertility

Turner syndrome (TS) is tightly associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and ovarian dysgenesis, typically resulting in infertility in the great majority of patients. Therefore females with TS are usually treated with female sex steroids from 11–12 years of age until the normal age of natural menopause of around 53–54 years of age. Infertility is rated among females with TS as a distressing concern and a detractor from a good quality of life. Options for motherhood for females with TS has expanded during recent years. Originally, only adoption was an option, unless of course for the small minority of TS females that still has ovarian function and are capable of achieving pregnancy through normal means. Oocyte donation has become the mainstream option in many countries and seems to work well, especially if patients have been treated with optimal estrogen and gestagen for a prolonged time before the intervention. It comes with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and TS oocyte donation pregnancies are viewed as high risk pregnancies necessitating increased vigilance. Oocyte cryopreservation of own oocytes is also becoming an option in a select group of TS and has special challenges. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is a promising new techniques that has been applied successfully in children with cancer. Currently, several trials are running around the world evaluating this techniques in TS. The genetics and genomics behind the ovarian dysgenesis seen in TS is not understood, but new studies have elucidated global changes in DNA methylation and RNA expression in blood from persons with TS and it is likely that similar changes are present in the ovaries. We still, however, need more thorough research to fully uncover the genetic background of ovarian failure in TS. Gene expression studies and methylation analysis from ovarian TS tissues still needs to be performed.     

甲状腺乳头状癌伴发桥本甲状腺炎的临床研究

背景与目的：甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma，PTC）和桥本甲状腺炎（Hashimoto’s thyroiditis，HT）的发病率均呈上升趋势，两者之间的关系已成为目前研究的热点。探讨PTC和HT之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析2014—2015年期间在中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院头颈肿瘤外科行甲状腺癌手术治疗的首诊患者306例，术后病理学检查均明确诊断为PTC，其中术后病理学确诊伴发HT者42例，比较伴发HT与未伴发HT患者的临床病理学特征。结果：PTC患者女性发病年龄高于男性（46.2岁 vs 41.9岁）。相较于与未伴发HT的PTC患者，伴发HT的患者中女性比例更高（93% vs77%），中央区淋巴结数目较多［（5.0±3.4）枚 vs （2.5±2.7）枚］，术前促甲状腺激素（thyroid-stimulating hormone，TSH）水平较高［（3.28±1.91）μU/mL vs （2.12±1.29）μU/mL］，术前抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（thyroid peroxidaseantibody，TPOAb）阳性率较高（55% vs 14%），术前甲状腺球蛋白抗体（thyroglobulin antibodies，TgAb）阳性率较高（69% vs 13%）。发生中央区淋巴结转移的患者中，中央区淋巴结转移数目与中央区淋巴结总数显著相关（Pearson相关系数=0.582）。多因素logistic回归分析发现，男性、低龄、被膜侵犯是PTC患者中央区淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论：伴发HT对PTC患者的预后无显著影响。伴发HT的PTC患者TSH水平显著偏高，提示HT可能是PTC发病风险因素之一。中央区淋巴结转移数目与中央区淋巴结总数相关，推测PTC淋巴结转移可能与淋巴结炎症反应相关。     

清热通利汤对宫颈炎并HPV感染患者生化指标与临床症状的影响研究

目的:观察清热通利汤对于宫颈炎合并人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染患者生化指标与临床症状的功效。方法:选取86例宫颈炎合并HPV感染患者作为观察资料,选取的患者按简单随机原则以数字表平均划分为对照组与治疗组,对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组给予清热通利汤外用; 治疗后3个月,对比临床疗效,统计临床症状的缓解时间; 评估治疗前、后患者生化指标、中医证候积分、血清炎性因子的变化情况。结果:治疗组显效率为53.49%、总有效率为95.35%,对照组依次为37.21%、72.09%,治疗组临床疗效优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组患者HPV-DNA转阴率高于对照组,HPV-DNA转阴时间、HPV病毒载量均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05); 治疗组患者宫颈柱状上皮异位、接触性出血、阴道清洁度异常、白带化验异常的消退时间均短于对照组(P<0.05); 治疗后两组患者各项中医证候积分、血清炎性因子与生化指标均较治疗前改善且治疗组均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:清热通利汤能够促进宫颈炎合并HPV感染患者HPV-DNA转阴,提高临床疗效,更有效的缓解临床症状、改善生化指标、减轻炎性反应程度。     

甲状旁腺切除术用于难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的安全性及近远疗效

背景与目的:甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)是治疗药物不能控制的难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的重要手段,但PTX术后仍有可能发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,无动力性骨病或难治性骨软化症,且国内尚缺乏对PTX术后远期的疗效观察的研究。本研究进一步评价PTX治疗难治性肾性SHPT的安全性与近远期疗效。方法:纳入2011年1月—2014年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行PTX治疗的139例伴有难治性肾性SHPT的维持性透析患者。收集患者术前及术后3 d、6个月及1、2、3年的临床资料、血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷、血红蛋白(Hb)及红细胞压积(Hct)等,观察并记录术后症状缓解情况、术后并发症和随访情况。结果:139例患者的PTX手术成功率为95.7%(133/139),术中共计切除甲状旁腺腺体537枚,平均切除3.86枚/例。12例(8.6%)术后发生一过性喉返神经损伤,其中声音嘶哑9例(6.5%),饮水呛咳3例(2.2%),未予处理术后3个月内均自行好转。术后低钙血症或缺乏维生素D者120例(86.3%),给予西那卡塞、补钙及补充活性维生素D治疗后得到有效控制。全组未发生切口感染、出血、窒息及甲状腺功能减退等外科并发症。患者的贫血状况均有不同程度地改善,Hb和Hct术后6个月明显升高并在随访期间保持稳定;术后iPTH明显降低,术后3 d的血钙、磷、钙磷乘积水平最低,随访3年仍低于手术前,所有变化与术前均有统计学差异(均P0.05)。随访期间无死亡病例。患者术前的骨痛、顽固性皮肤瘙痒、失眠、异位钙化、肌无力伴萎缩症状在术后1 d即明显缓解;身高缩短、骨骼畸形患者随访期间无进行性加重;纳差、全身营养状况及自理能力术后3个月内不同程度地改善。11例(7.9%)持续性SHPT,包括4例(2.9%)术中未完全切除甲状旁腺腺体,1例(0.7%)术中1枚腺体较小而未切除完全,6例(4.3%)术后检查存在纵隔异位甲状旁腺。随访期间,5例(3.5%)腺体未切除完全者的iPTH均800 pg/mL,肌无力及顽固性皮肤瘙痒临床症状明显,再次行PTX;6例(4.3%)存在异位甲状旁腺腺体者,因手术风险较大患者拒绝再次手术,予以药物治疗;8例(5.8%)术后复发,其中6例(4.3%)系前臂移植物复发所致,均在局麻下行前臂皮下移植物切除;2例(1.4%)系颈部原位残留腺体过度增生,予以二次手术,术后症状缓解。所有进行二次手术的患者在随访结束时无明显的临床症状,均未复发。结论:PTX可改善难治性肾性SHPT患者临床症状、贫血及钙磷代谢,且近远期疗效均较好,是治疗难治性SHPT的安全有效方法。     

The prognostic and predictive role of 21-gene recurrence scores in hormone receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer

Over the past two decades, gene expression profiling of breast cancer has emerged as an important tool in early-stage breast cancer management. The approach provides important information on underlying biological mechanisms, breast cancer classification, future risk potential of developing recurrent metastatic disease, and provides beneficial clues for adjuvant chemotherapy in hormone receptor (HR) positive breast cancer. Of the commercially available genomic tests for breast cancer, the prognostic and predictive value of 21-gene recurrence score tests have been validated using both retrospective data and prospective clinical trials. In this paper, we reviewed the current evidence on 21-gene expression profiles for HR-positive HER2-negative early-stage breast cancer management. We show that current evidence supports endocrine therapy alone as an appropriate adjuvant systemic therapy for approximately 70% of women with HR-positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer. Evolving evidence also suggests that 21-gene recurrence scores have predictive values for node-positive breast cancer and that chemotherapy can be avoided in more than half of women with nodes 1 to 3 positive HR-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, retrospective data also supports the predictive role of 21-gene recurrence scores for adjuvant radiation therapy. A prospective trial in this area is ongoing.     

老年轻度认知障碍患者血清瘦素、甲状腺激素水平与局部脑血流量关系的研究

目的 通过检测老年轻度认知障碍（MCI）患者血清瘦素（LEP）、甲状腺激素水平，分析其与局部脑血流量（rCBF）的关系。方法 选择本院收治的128 例老年MCI 患者，另选健康者128 例作为对照组。检测血清LEP、甲状腺激素、大脑各区域rCBF 水平并分析其相关性。结果 老年MCI 组患者左右侧额叶、右侧颞叶、左侧顶叶、左右侧基底节区域脑血流量[（43.81±8.62）mL/（100 g·min）、（43.24±7.93）mL/（100 g·min）、（45.14±6.98）mL/（100 g·min）、（45.86±6.77）mL/（100 g·min）、（67.95±8.52）mL/（100 g·min）、（68.36±8.34）mL/（100 g·min）]低于对照组[（46.39±8.31）mL/（100 g·min）、（46.52±8.56）mL/（100 g·min）、（47.37±7.04）mL/（100 g·min）、（48.25±6.98）mL/（100 g·min）、（70.34±8.96）mL/（100 g·min）、（70.58±8.57）mL/（100 g·min）]（P＜0.05）。老年MCI 组患者血清LEP、T3、FT3 水平[（4.87±1.56）μg/L、（1.21±0.16）nmol/L、（3.04±0.36）pmol/L]低于对照组[（11.45±3.92）μg/L、（1.68±0.21）nmol/L、（4.82±1.21）pmol/L]（P＜0.05），TSH 水平为（2.78±0.75）IU/mL，高于对照组的（1.13±0.38）IU/mL（P＜0.05）。老年MCI 患者血清LEP 水平与左侧额叶、右侧颞叶、左侧顶叶rCBF 呈正相关（r=0.452、0.537、0.544，P 均＜0.05），T3 水平与左侧额叶、右侧颞叶rCBF 呈正相关（r=0.427、0.521，P 均＜0.05），FT3 水平与右侧颞叶rCBF 呈正相关（r=0.492，P＜0.05），TSH 水平与左侧额叶、右侧颞叶rCBF 呈负相关（r=-0.463、-0.489，P 均＜0.05）。结论 老年MCI 患者血清中LEP、T3、FT3 水平降低，TSH 水平升高，且与不同区域rCBF 有相关性，可通过调控脑血管功能影响rCBF 变化水平。