过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤的手术入路疗效比较

目的探讨过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤后三种手术入路疗效的比较。方法我们对2000年9月～2004年10月间收治的47例过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤并接受手术治疗的患者进行回顾性分析，根据手术方式不同分成三组：前路入路组、后路入路组、前后联合入路组，比较其疗效。结果所有患者经6～12个月随访，比较三组间手术前、后的Frankel的分级变化和ASIA评分改变。三组术后神经功能均较术前有明显改善；前路减压、植骨内固定和前后联合入路减压、植骨内固定均较后路减压、植骨内固定术后神经功能恢复好，两两间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；前后联合入路减压最彻底，但其预后与单纯前路减压内固定差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论前路减压内固定是过伸性颈椎颈髓损伤首选的手术方式，后路是辅助的手术方法，而前后联合入路应谨慎选用。     

Extensor hallucis longus distal tenotomy for spasticity in a patient with interphalangeal joint hyperextension after stroke

BackgroundThe extension deformity of the interphalangeal (IP) joint of the hallux is a rare focal clinical entity usually detected in patients with no underlying pathology. It may be due to extensor hallucis longus (EHL) overactivity, although it has not been previously reported in patients with neurological disorders. The lesion should be differentiated from the persistent hyperextension of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Although MTP hyperextension of the hallux due to hypertonia of the EHL is a typical sequel of stroke, it has also been detected in a wide variety of disorders.Materials and MethodsA patient with right hemiparesis following stroke, which had an almost complete functional recovery, is presented. She was disabled by focal spasticity of the EHL, leading to persistent hyperextension of the IP joint of the hallux. The deformity appeared on the long-term follow-up, on both sides within a 3-year period. It was treated with bilateral percutaneous distal EHL tenotomy. On the left side, a percutaneous dorsal IP joint capsulotomy was additionally performed.Results and ConclusionA complete reduction of the deformity was achieved on both sides with functional rehabilitation. It is assumed that EHL hyperactivity following stroke in our patient was complicated by IP instead of MTP extension deformity, due to the coexistent flexor hallucis longus weakness. Bilateral distal EHL tenotomy, associated with percutaneous dorsal IP joint capsulotomy on the left side, provided satisfactory long-term results.     

In vitro hyperextension injuries in the human cadaveric cervical spine.

To investigate the relationship between the type of hyperextension injuries and the conditions producing them, nine cervical specimens (occiput to T1) were loaded to failure in tension at a fixed extension angle of 30 degrees. Under these loading conditions, specimens failed at average tensile loads and extension moments of 499 +/- 148 (SD) N and 4.0 +/- 3.1 Nm, respectively. Failure occurred at an average tensile displacement of 18.8 +/- 7.7 mm. The anterior longitudinal ligament ruptured and the intervertebral disc failed in at least one level in all specimens. In four specimens, the disc failed at an additional level, leaving the anterior longitudinal ligament intact at that site. With one exception, all injuries occurred in the lower cervical spine (C5-C6 and C6-C7), the region most often injured in vivo. The location of the injuries was associated with the degree of degeneration of the facet joints and the discs. The discs of the lower cervical spine were significantly more degenerated than those at the C2-C3 level. In addition, the degree of disc degeneration in the noninjured discs was significantly less than in the injured discs. These data help quantify the threshold of injury and the patterns of tissue damage resulting from hypertension loading of the cervical spine.     

颈椎过伸性损伤121例临床分析

目的探讨颈椎过伸性损伤的损伤机制、诊断、治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾分析121例颈椎过伸性损伤患者的病史、临床表现、X线片、MRI等临床资料和随访结果,总结手术和保守治疗效果。结果121例中X线片有改变的为86例,主要表现为：颈椎生理曲度异常、颈椎后纵韧带钙化、颈椎椎体骨质增生、椎体前缘软组织肿胀、发育性颈椎管狭窄。所有病例MRI均有改变,以椎间盘突出、黄韧带肥厚、后纵韧带钙化、硬膜囊受压及脊髓水肿、出血为突出特点。121例患者中保守治疗22例,手术治疗99例。有4例入院时即表现为完全瘫的患者,1例行保守治疗、3例行手术治疗无明显恢复外,其余病例均有不同程度的恢复。结论颈椎原发病变的存在是导致颈椎过伸性损伤的基础;MRI是颈椎过伸性损伤早期检查诊断的重要手段,保守和手术治疗均有助于损伤的恢复。     

Biomechanical analysis of knee hyperextension and of the impingement of the anterior cruciate ligament: a cinematographic MRI study with impact on tibial tunnel positioning in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

This study analyzed the interaction between the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the intercondylar notch roof (INR) in hyperextension of the knee using magnetic resonance cinematography. Cinematographic image series of 15 knees were investigated. Two independent observers identified the image that displayed the beginning of contact between the ACL and the INR. They determined knee extension on this image and on the image that displayed maximum hyperextension of the knee. Correlations between a variable representing impingement and the inclination angle of the INR, the anterior laxity of the knee, and full hyperextension were examined. Theoretical, impingement-free tibial tunnel positions for the knees were calculated as a percentage of the anteroposterior tibial width. All ACLs of the knees in this study made contact with the INR. The average extension angle at the beginning of impingement was –6.3 ± 3.8°. There were significant correlations between impingement and maximum manual displacement as measured with the arthrometer ¶(r = 0.77; P < 0.001), maximum hyperextension (r = 0.67; P = 0.007), and notch roof angle (r = –0.73; P = 0.002). There were biomechanically acceptable tunnel positions for all knees but one. Hyperextension is physiologically associated with impingement of the ACL. In uninjured knees there was a correlation between ACL impingement and hyperextension, inclination of the INR, and maximum manual displacement of the tibia. Impingement free tibial tunnel positioning is possible in most knees without notchplasty.     

头面部致伤部位与颈髓过伸伤的相关分析

目的探讨头面部不同撞击位置对颈髓过伸损伤严重程度的影响,并分析其治疗方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析1999年1月～2004年1月收治的41例无骨折脱位颈髓损伤患者的病历资料,所有患者外伤位置主要在前额、颊部或下颌部。用ASIA法对患者在入院初期及出院后6个月时脊髓的神经功能进行评估。结果前额受伤20例,住院初期神经功能：B级4例,C级11例,D级5例；6个月后：C级1例,D级11例,E级8例。烦部伤12例,住院初期神经功能：B级1例,C级4例,D级7例；6个月后：C级1例,D级2例,E级9例。下颌部伤9例,住院初期神经功能：B级5例,C级3例,D级1例；6个月后：B级2例,C级5例,E级2例。经过治疗后6个月复查,神经功能在C级以下者9例,其中7例是下颌区受伤；2例脊髓功能为B级经治疗后没有改善者均为下颌致伤。结论外力作用于下颌部致颈髓过伸伤较作用于额部或颊部更严重。对无骨折脱位颈髓过伸伤者合理选择非手术或手术治疗均可得到满意的治疗效果。     

Meniscal impingement syndrome

The meniscal impingement syndrome consists of three elements: impaction on the anterior medial femoral condyle by the leading edge of the medial meniscus, articular cartilage damage of at least Outerbridge grade 3, and knee hyperextension of at least 5°. This report reviews this condition in a series of seven knees with an average follow-up of 39 months. The time from the onset of symptoms until surgery averaged 45 months. Treatment consisted of a thorough arthroscopic knee evaluation and debridement of the articular cartilage fragmentation and any impinging synovitis. Postoperative rehabilitation includes extension block bracing, hamstring strengthening, and closed-chain exercise. With this regimen, there was improvement in the Tegner scores and a reduction in postoperative knee hyperextension. Identification of this uncommon condition requires a complete evaluation of the medial femoral condyle in patients with knee hyperextension.     

Hyperextension injuries of the cervical spine

Eleven patients with acute cervical hyperextension injury underwent magnetic resonance examination. Magnetic resonance was particularly helpful in diagnosing both intrinsic cord contusion and extradural compression. When spinal cord compromise was present, surgery was undertaken without resort to myelography.     

Ipsilateral scaphoid and intra-articular radius fracture treated by Herbert screw fixation

The type and extent of a wrist lesion depends on the angulation of the hand, the force of impact and the age of the patient. We report on an unusual transscaphoidal subluxation fracture in combination with a shear fracture of the radius, caused by a low impact hyperextension trauma. To provide interfragmentary compression and a free mobility of the articular surfaces, two Herbert screws were used for osteosynthesis. The Herbert screw was designed originally for osteosynthesis of scaphoid fractures. As this implant can be buried completely within the bone, it allows fixation of other small articular fragments accordingly. This is demonstrated in the patient presented here who had a hyperextension trauma with unusual consequences. Received: 6 May 1997 / Accepted: 12 August 1997     

颈椎管扩大成形术治疗颈脊髓过伸性损伤

目的 探讨颈椎管扩大成形术治疗颈脊髓过伸性损伤的临床效果.方法 治疗46例颈脊髓过伸性损伤患者,对其中28例行颈椎管扩大成形术（手术组）,18例行非手术治疗（非手术组）,总结并比较治疗效果.结果 随访6～24个月,颈脊髓损伤神经功能恢复按Frankel分级,手术组有效率（85.71%）明显高于非手术组（66.67%）,差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,手术组比非手术组疗效满意.结论 对颈脊髓过伸性损伤患者,行颈椎管扩大成形术可取得较好的治疗效果.