颅内生殖细胞瘤综合治疗

报告５０例颅内生殖细胞瘤，手术治疗１９例，放射治疗４３例。综合治疗后临床症状改善４１例，无效２例。随访３２例，其中恢复正常工作或学习者１４例，生活能自理１２例，生活部分需人帮助４例，死亡２例。５年生存率为５０％。推荐放疗为首选治疗手段，并对合并颅内压增高及多发性、复发性肿瘤的治疗作了讨论。     

Immunohistochemical differences between intracranial germinomas and their gonadal equivalents. An immunoperoxidase study of germ cell tumors with epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and vimentin

Twenty-six intracranial germ cell tumours (11 germinomas, 10 teratomas, 2 endodermal sinus tumours, 1 teratocarcinoma, and 2 undifferentiated embryonal carcinomas) and 26 gonadal germ cell tumours (13 testicular seminomas, 2 ovarian dysgerminomas, 9 ovarian teratomas, and 2 myometrial choriocarcinomas) were studied by immunoperoxidase with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytokeratin, and vimentin. Typical tumour cells in three of the 11 germinomas (two of the latter being situated in the posterior fossa) expressed both EMA and cytokeratin, whereas those in the seminomas and dysgerminomas did not. In one seminoma, a few multinucleated giant cells expressed cytokeratin. In three of seven germinomas, vimentin-positive tumour cells were found, but all seminomas and dysgerminomas were negative. In the other forms of intracranial and gonadal germ cell tumours, epithelial and mesenchymal elements displayed the expected patterns of immunoreactivity to the respective determinants. The immunoperoxidase differences between the intracranial germinomas and their gonadal equivalents indicate that, in the former, early epithelial or mesenchymal differentiation of the primordial germ cells may be present. The findings draw attention to the heterogeneous cellular composition of these otherwise morphologically homogeneous-appearing tumours and, especially in the posterior fossa, to their transitional links to the immature teratomas.     

Metastasis germinomas of the external acoustic meatus: in a 19-year-boy: a case report

Background: The external acoustic meatus metastasis of germinomas is a rare event. Case presentation: we describe a 19-year-old boy with stuffiness and earplug of the left ear but no other symptoms. The whole body F-18 FDG PET/CT and the brain MRI are performed and demonstrated a germinoma in the pineal gland and vermis cerebellum region and in the right of thalamus. Photomicrograph showing marked infiltration of lymphoplasma cells and macrophages including giant cells. Immunohistochemical analysis results demonstrated the tumor cells are strongly positive for CD117 and PLAP. The final diagnosis was germinoma and all adjuvant therapy was achieved. Conclusion: Although the external acoustic meatus metastasis of germinomas is rare, the diagnosis should be taken into serious consideration in order to improve. In addition, F-18 FDG PET/CT was very useful in diagnosis primary disease and excluding distant metastases. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of this type of case.     

51例颅内生殖细胞瘤的薄层增强MR及临床特征分析

目的:探讨颅内生殖细胞瘤薄层增强 MR及临床特征，以提高诊断准确性。方法:回顾性分析 51例颅内生殖细胞瘤薄层增强 MR及临床资料。按部位分为 A组(鞍区 +松果体区)17例、B组(侧脑室周围) 22例、C组(基底节 +丘脑区)12例。对三组患者的影像特征及临床资料(包括年龄、性别、形状、生长方式、边界、强化方式、强化程度、椒盐征、伴囊变)进行比较分析。结果:三组的年龄分别为:A组(18.24±4.74)岁， B组(21.68±7.89)岁， C组(19.92±10.61)岁，差异无统计学意义( P=0.395)。性别男 /女比例分别为: A组(9/8)，B组(18/4)，C组(12/0)，P=0.010。形状(团块状 /不规则状)比例分别为:A组(16/1)，B组(22/0)，C组(0/12)，P<0.001。生长方式(肿块型 /蔓延型)比例分别为: A组(17/0)，B组(0/22)，C组(12/0)，P<0.001。边界(清楚 /不清楚)比例分别为: A组(16/1)，B组(20/2)，C组(9/3)， P=0.254。强化方式(均匀 /不均匀)比例分别为: A组(14/3)，B组(9/13)，C组(2/12)，P=0.001。强化程度(轻度 /明显)比例分别为: A组(16/1)，B组(19/3)，C组(11/1)，P=0.708。椒盐征(有 /无)比例分别为: A组(10/7)，B组(13/9)， C组(5/7)，P=0.574。伴囊变(有 /无)比例分别为:A组(7/10)，B组(18/4)，C组(8/4)，P=0.031。三组的性别、形状、生长方式、强化方式、伴囊变比例差异有统计学意义( P<0.05)，三组的边界、强化程度、椒盐征差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。结论:颅内生殖细胞瘤患者的性别、病变形状、生长方式、强化方式、伴囊变表现具有部位特征性，患者的年龄、病变边界、强化程度、椒盐征不同部位具有共同性，熟悉颅内生殖细胞瘤的 MR及临床特征，可以提高诊断准确性。     

丘脑及基底节区生殖细胞瘤

报告５例经手术及病理证实的丘脑或基底节区生殖细胞瘤的临床及影像学特点。其发生率占同期所有颅内生殖细胞瘤的６％。５例均为男性。主要临床症状为偏侧肢体无力，两例检查发现精神异常及性早熟。与松果体区及鞍上区生殖细胞瘤的ＣＴ及ＭＲ表现相比，本组丘脑或基底节区生殖细胞瘤的主要特点在瘤体的大小及密度信号、瘤内出血及相邻结构的变化几方面。     

Clinical analysis of intracranial germinoma＇s craniospinal irradiation using helical tomotherapy

Objective： To evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of intracranial germinoma patients treated with craniospinal irradiation （CSI） using helical tomotherapy （HT） system in our center. Methods： Twenty-three patients who were treated with CSI in our center from January 2008 to July 2012 were collected, with an average age of 20. M1 of the patients＇ CSI used the HT system. The total doses were 27-36 Gy/15-20 F （1.5-2 Gy per fraction）, and total local doses were 46-60 Gy/30-50 F （5 fractions per week）. M1 female patients for CSI were treated with left-right parallel-opposed field irradiation to protect their ovarian functions. Median follow-up time was 30.9 months （range, 5-67 months）. The SPSS19.0 software was used, and the overall survival （OS） was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results： Among 17 patients with assessable tumors, 9 cases （52.9%） were CR, 7 cases （41.2%） were PR, and 1 case （5.9%） was SD. Hematological toxicity was the severest side-effect occurred in the procedure of CSI. The level 1-4 acute leukopenia were 8.7%, 30.4%, 34.8% and 21.7% and the level 1-4 acute thrombopenia were 8.7%, 30.4%, 21.7% and 8.7%, respectively. Conclusions： For primary intracranial germinomas, HT can be used to implement CSI for simplifying radiotherapy procedures, improving radiotherapy accuracy, enhancing protection of peripheral organs at risk （ORA） and guaranteeing therapeutic effects. With the acceptable acute and long-term toxicity, CSI using HT in intracranial germinoma patients can be a safe and alternative mode.     

Quality of care for testis cancer

This article explores the delivery of high quality care in patients with testicular cancer. Critical issues relate to an individualized, risk-stratified, and multidisciplinary approach to patient care at centers of excellence and subsequent close patient follow-up. The necessary integration of multiple therapeutic modalities makes testis cancer outcomes highly susceptible to variations in quality of care, which deserves further investigation in well designed population-based studies.     

鞍上生殖细胞瘤的MRI表现特征的分析

目的 分析鞍上生殖细胞瘤的MRI的表现特征并对其进行鉴别诊断。方法 对11例鞍上生殖细胞瘤的MRI材料进行回顾性分析，研究鞍上生殖细胞瘤的形态、发生部位、T1加权和T2加权成像的信号和增强后的特征。结果 11例鞍上生殖细胞瘤中，4例(36．4％)肿瘤形态不规则，肿瘤侵犯至垂体和垂体柄分界不清。5例(45．5％)肿瘤仅累及垂体柄，引起垂体柄增粗；2例(18．2％)肿瘤累及垂体柄和下丘脑。全部肿瘤外缘清楚。于T1WI呈等信号，T2WI呈稍高信号。增强后侵犯垂体和垂体柄者强化欠均匀，位于垂体柄和累及垂体柄及下丘脑者呈明显均匀强化。结论 鞍上生殖细胞瘤常累及垂体柄及下丘脑或垂体，肿瘤边界清楚，增强后有明显强化。