天鹅记忆接骨器对长骨干骨折愈合的影响

目的 探讨天鹅记忆接骨器（swan-like memory compressive connector，SMC）对实验性长骨干骨折愈合过程中骨力学性能、形态结构和微循环的影响。方法 56只新西兰大白兔行双侧肱骨干截骨后，随机选取一侧用SMC固定，取侧用四孔加压接骨板（dynamic compressive plate,DCP）固定。分别于术后2、4、8、12、16、20周取材，行应力遮挡试验、CT扫描和水平扭转力学测定，观察两组内固定对骨结构和力学性能的影响。另外于骨膜愈合情况。结果 各时相SMC时间延长而加重；SMC组皮质骨厚度和密度保持正常。术后4周开始，SMC组的扭转刚度大于DCP组。SMC组对骨血供的损伤较DCP组轻，从术后3d至术后4周，两组同骨外板血流量的差异均有显著性。SMC组骨外板血供术后4周即恢复正常，而DCP组8周才恢复正常。从内固定后即刻开始，SMC组髓内血流量始终大于DCP组。SMC组骨愈合速度比DCP组快，且骨折愈合局部无骨痂，也无骨质疏松。结论 SMC与DCP相比，具有材料和几何构型上的优势，对固定段骨干几乎不产生应力遮挡；且对骨折局部血供的损伤轻，有利于骨血供恢复。何构型上的优势，对固定段骨干几乎不产生应力遮挡；且对骨折局部血供的损伤轻，有利于骨血供恢复。     

单侧多功能外固定器治疗儿童骨折的体会

目的探讨单侧多功能外固定器在儿童骨折治疗中的适应证、使用方法及应用价值。方法回顾性分析1999年1月-2004年12月107例儿童骨折的治疗，男72例，女35例，年龄0．5～14岁，平均7．6岁。其中股骨干骨折63例（4例为双侧股骨干骨折），胫骨骨折26例（其中15例合并腓骨骨折），骨盆骨折11例（均为骨盆环两处以上的不稳定型骨盆骨折），肱骨骨折7例。致伤原因：车祸63例，跌落伤22例，砸伤9例，其他13例。107例患儿中89例闭合骨折，18例开放骨折。均采用单臂多功能外固定器固定治疗。术后随访观察骨折愈合情况及并发症，术后6～14周拆除外固定器。随访时间3～44个月（平均19个月）。结果本组患儿骨折全部愈合，所有病例术后2～3周均出现骨痂，4～5周后骨痂生长良好。术后4～10周均达到临床愈合标准，无延迟愈合或不愈合、无严重并发症的发生。8例出现针道感染（7．5％），3例固定针松动（2．8％），1例术后再骨折（0．9％），1例术后1周拍片发现骨折端移位，二次调整外固定器重新固定。结论单侧多功能外固定器固定术具有手术操作简单、创伤小、适应证广、固定可靠、并发症少、便于搬动和护理、不损伤骨膜，保留完整骨折处血肿、手术瘢痕小、可门诊拆除外固定免去再次手术等优点，是治疗儿童长骨干骨折、不稳定性骨盆骨折的有效方法之一，内收型骨盆骨折、开放性长骨骨折、粉碎性长骨骨折和骨干骨折并发多发伤患儿尤为适用，可为首选。     

单侧骨皮质缺损对长管状骨生物力学的影响

目的探讨长管状骨骨干不同大小的单侧骨皮质缺损对长管状骨生物力学性质的影响。方法取76根三黄鸡胫骨,随机分7组(1.5mm组n=11,2.0mm组n=9,2.5mm组n=13,3.0mm组n=12,3.5mm组n=8,4.5mm组n=11,皮质完整组即正常对照组n=12),于后侧骨皮质造成直径分别为1.5～4.5mm的环形骨缺损,进行三点弯曲单一实验,皮质完整组作为正常组对照。结果缺损直径为1.5mm及2.0mm组鸡胫骨达到结构破坏时的最大载荷与正常组差异无统计学意义(P=0.824,0.865),2.5mm、3.0mm、3.5mm组的最大载荷较正常组降低14%左右,差异有统计学意义(P=0.015,0.010,0.021);4.5mm组较正常组降低23%左右,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。结论单侧皮质缺损直径在长管状骨外径的(22.6±1.4)%以内时,不影响其抗弯曲性能;当其超过长管状骨外径的(29.4±2.1)%时,将降低长管状骨的抗弯曲性能,但降低的幅度跟缺损大小并不完全呈正比。     

Primary diaphyseal osteosarcoma in long bones: Imaging features and tumor characteristics

Objective

This study aims to assess retrospectively the imaging features of diaphyseal osteosarcoma and compare its characteristics with that of metaphyseal osteosarcoma.

Materials and methods

Eighteen pathologically confirmed diaphyseal osteosarcomas were reviewed. Images of X-ray (n = 18), CT (n = 12) and MRI (n = 15) were evaluated by two radiologists. Differences among common radiologic findings of X-ray, CT and MRI, and between diaphyseal osteosarcomas and metaphyseal osteosarcomas in terms of tumor characteristics were compared.

Results

The common imaging features of diaphyseal osteosarcoma were bone destruction, lamellar periosteal reaction with/without Codman triangle, massive soft tissue mass/swelling, neoplastic bone and/or calcification. CT and MRI had a higher detection rate in detecting bone destruction (P = 0.001) as compared with that of X-ray. X-ray and CT resulted in a higher percentage in detecting periosteal reaction (P = 0.018) and neoplastic bone and/or calcification (P = 0.043) as compared with that of MRI. There was no difference (P = 0.179) in detecting soft tissue mass among three imaging modalities. When comparing metaphyseal osteosarcoma to diaphyseal osteosarcoma, the latter had the following characteristics: a higher age of onset (P = 0.022), a larger extent of tumor (P = 0.018), a more osteolytic radiographic pattern (P = 0.043).

Conclusion

As compared with metaphyseal osteosarcoma, diaphysial osteosarcoma is a special location of osteosarcoma with a lower incidence, a higher age of onset, a larger extent of tumor, a more osteolytic radiographic pattern. The osteoblastic and mixed types are diagnosed easily, but the osteolytic lesion should be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma. X-ray, CT and MRI can show imaging features from different aspects with different detection rates.     

An unusual cause of radial nerve palsy

Neurapraxia frequently occurs following traction injury to the nerve intraoperatively, leading to radial nerve palsy which usually recovers in 5-30 weeks. In our case, we had operated a distal one-third of humeral shaft fracture and fixed it with 4.5 mm limited contact dynamic compression plate. The distal neurovascular status of the limb was assessed postoperatively in the recovery room and was found to be intact and all the sensory-motor functions of the radial nerve were normal. On the second postoperative day, following the suction drain removal and dressing, patient developed immediate radial nerve palsy along with wrist drop. We reviewed the literature and found no obvious cause for the nerve palsy and concluded that it was due to traction injury to the radial nerve while removing the suction drain in negative pressure.     

Combined radial and median nerve injury in diaphysea fracture of humerus： a case report

Radial nerve palsy is the most common neurological involvement in humeral shaft fractures.But combined radial and median nerve injury in a closed diaphyseal fracture of the humerus is rare.Combined injury to both radial and median nerve can cause significant disability.A detailed clinical examination is therefore necessary following humeral shaft fractures.We report a patient with closed diaphyseal humeral fracture （AO 12A-2.3） together with radial and median nerve palsy,its management and review of the literature.As the patient had two nerves involved,surgical exploration was planned.Fracture was reduced and fixed with a 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression pla te.There was no external injury to both radial and median nerves on surgical exploration.Neurological recovery started at 3 weeks＇ follow-up.Complete recovery was seen at 12 weeks.Careful clinical examination is of the utmost importance in early diagnosis of combined nerve injuries,which allows better management and rehabilitation of the patient.     

Shaft Fractures of Both Forearm Bones: The Outcomes of Surgical Treatment with Plating Only and Combined Plating and Intramedullary Nailing

Background

Plate fixation is the most commonly used technique for the treatment of shaft fractures of both forearm bones (SFBFBs). However, all fractures are difficult to treat with plate fixation because of soft tissue injuries, fracture patterns, or the patient''s condition. The purpose of this study is to compare the functional results of plate fixation only and combined plate and intramedullary (IM) nail fixation in SFBFBs.

Methods

Fifty-nine cases of SFBFBs that were surgically treated from June 2007 to July 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. In this study, 47 cases that were followed up for more than 12 months were included. All SFBFBs were divided into two groups according to the methods used for internal fixation: plate fixation only (group A) and combined plate and IM nail fixation (group B). The fixation methods were determined intraoperatively. Plate fixation was considered as the first option in all cases, but combined plate and IM nail fixation was selected as the second option if it was difficult to be fixed with plate only. Groups A and B comprised of 31 and 16 cases, respectively. The functional results were evaluated by the Grace and Eversmann rating system and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire.

Results

In groups A and B, a radiologic union was achieved in 30/31 and 14/16 cases and average union time was 11.1 and 17.8 weeks, respectively. According to the Grace and Eversmann rating system, group A had excellent results in 15 cases, good in 14, acceptable in one, and unacceptable in one. Group B had excellent results in three cases, good in nine, acceptable in two, and unacceptable in two. The average DASH score was 7.1 points (range, 0 to 19.2 points) in group A and 15.1 points (range, 0 to 29.6 points) in group B. Three cases of nonunion with unacceptable results achieved a bony union by additional procedures and the functional results of these cases improved to good or excellent.

Conclusions

The functional results and the average union time were superior in group A than in group B. However, we think that combined fixation is a useful method for SFBFBs that cannot be treated with plate fixation only.     

外固定支架治疗合并髁部骨折的胫骨干复杂骨折

目的 探讨合并髁部骨折的胫骨干复杂（C2、C3型）骨折的外固定支架手术治疗方法及临床效果评价。方法 对1999年1月-2004年1月通过手术治疗的累及胫骨近、远端骨折的42例胫骨干粉碎性骨折患者的治疗结果进行分析。按AO／ASIF原则分类，胫骨干骨折均为C2型（多段骨折）、C3型（不规则）骨折；累及踝关节19例，累及膝关节23例；手术采用简单内固定加外固定架固定及单纯外固定架固定。结果 42例患者全部获随访，功能满意35例（83％），可6例（14％），不满意1例（2％）。结论 通过外固定支架的方法可使合并髁部骨折的胫骨干复杂（C2、C3型）骨折最大限度地恢复胫骨与腓骨骨的相对长度、胫骨管状结构重建、关节面的平整、膝-踝关节面的平行对称关系，术后配合合理的康复锻炼，能使膝、踝关节功能达到最大的恢复。     

原发性骨干骨肉瘤的影像学表现

目的 总结原发性骨干骨肉瘤的影像学表现,探讨有关的临床特点和鉴别诊断。方法 １９８０－１９９８年１４例原发性骨干骨肉瘤患者,均经手术与病理证实。男６例,女８例,平均年龄２３．５岁。其中股骨干９例,腓骨干２例,肱骨干２例,胫骨干１例。回顾性分析１４例原发性骨干骨肉瘤的Ｘ线,ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ的表现及相对应的病理学表现。结果 原发性骨干骨肉瘤影像学表现包括广泛骨质破坏,骨膜反应,软组织肿块,部分病例可见肿瘤     

组织工程化人工骨移植修复长骨干缺损的成骨研究

目的 研究仿生制备的组织工程化人工骨移植修复长骨干缺损的成骨性能、修复效果及可能的修复机制。方法 采用人工合成双相羟基磷灰石(HA／β-TCP)为支架材料，与聚-DL-乳酸(PDLLA)复合后再复合Ⅰ型胶原及重组合人类骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)，与兔骨膜成骨细胞及肾脏血管内皮细胞复合培养。将仿生制备的组织工程化人工骨移植到日本大耳白兔桡骨完全骨膜-骨缺损区，分别于术后第4、8、12周进行大体解剖观察、X线观察、HE染色及Masson三色法染色组织学观察、图像分析、扫描电镜、X线能谱分析，研究骨缺损的修复情况。结果 术后第4周可见新生板层骨；第8周植入物与自体骨呈皮质骨融合，有新骨髓长入；第12周植入物外周被新生皮质骨完全替代，组织学新生骨呈数个连续过渡的条带样分布区。新生骨定量4周组与8周组及12周组比较差异有显著性，8周组与12周组差异无显著性。随植入时间延长，植入体中钙／磷比值趋向于自体皮质骨。结论 仿生构建的组织工程化人工骨植入体内修复长骨干缺损，修复效果好，其骨再生机制为软骨内化骨。