Gastrostomy tubes: Fundamentals,periprocedural considerations,and best practices

Gastrostomy tube placement is a procedure that achieves enteral access for nutrition, decompression, and medication administration. Preprocedural evaluation and selection of patients is necessary to provide optimal benefit and reduce the risk of adverse events (AEs). Appropriate indications, contraindications, ethical considerations, and comorbidities of patients referred for gastrostomy placement should be weighed and balanced. Additionally, endoscopist should consider either a transoral or transabdominal approach is appropriate, and radiologic or surgical gastrostomy tube placement is needed. However, medical history, physical examination, and imaging prior to the procedure should be considered to tailor the appropriate approach and reduce the risk of AEs.     

Effect of orbital wall resection areas in the treatment of patients with endocrine orbitopathy

In patients treated by orbital wall decompression for endocrine orbitopathy (EO) there is limited evidence on the effect of orbital wall resections. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of one, two, and three-wall resections on orbital parameters to determine if any such correlations exist. Preoperative and postoperative data from all patients at a tertiary care centre who underwent decompression surgery from 2010 - 2020 were digitally analysed. The effect of the number and area of resected walls on orbital area, orbital volume, and Hertel value, and the effect of lateral rim advancement (LARA) were determined. A total of 131 orbital areas showed an increase from a mean (SD) preoperative area of 42.0 (4.6) cm² to 47.3 (6.1) cm² postoperatively (p<0.001). In total, the mean (SD) area of osseous wall removed in all patients was 6.2 (1.7) cm² at the lateral orbit (n = 129), 6.7 (2.3) cm² at the orbital floor (n = 123), and 5.8 (1.8) cm² at the medial orbital wall (n =30). The mean (SD) orbital volume increased by 6.0 (3.0) cm³ after decompression. There was also a significant reduction in exophthalmos of 7.3 (3.2) mm (from 25.2 (3.9) to 17.9 (3.5), p<0.001). LARA was performed in 50 patients. Changes in volume and area, and reduction in exophthalmos were not significantly different with or without LARA. The postoperative effects of orbital wall resection are predictable and exhibit a relation with six units of change. Two-wall resection is the most common intervention.     

不同手术方案对脊髓型颈椎病合并椎管狭窄症患者术后疗效及颈椎矢状位参数的影响

目的探讨前路椎体次全切除术和后路椎管扩大椎板成形术对脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)合并椎管狭窄症患者术后疗效及颈椎矢状位参数的影响。方法回顾性分析2010年3月—2015年8月收治的147例CSM合并椎管狭窄症患者的临床资料,其中80例行前路椎体次全切除术治疗(A组),67例行后路椎管扩大椎板成形术治疗(B组)。比较2种手术方法治疗前后日本骨科学会(JOA)评分、Cobb角及矢状位垂直距离(SVA)。将2组患者根据T_1倾斜角分别分为高T_1倾斜角(≥25°)亚组和低T_1倾斜角( 25°)亚组,对不同亚组之间的疗效及手术安全性进行比较。结果 2组术后JOA评分和Cobb角均高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。A组术后SVA低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),B组术后SVA与术前相比差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。A组术后JOA评分和Cobb角均高于B组,SVA低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。A组中,高T_1倾斜角亚组和低T_1倾斜角亚组JOA评分改善效果和后凸畸形发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05);B组中,低T_1倾斜角亚组JOA评分改善效果和后凸畸形发生率优于高T_1倾斜角亚组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论相较于后路椎管扩大椎板成形术,前路椎体次全切除术治疗CSM合并椎管狭窄症临床疗效更佳,且有助于改善颈椎矢状位平衡;在高T_1倾斜角水平下,应尽可能选择前路椎体次全切除术。     

Successful Use of Surgically Placed Impella 5.0 and Central Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit in a Patient with Postcardiotomy Shock

The Impella 5.0, a percutaneously inserted left ventricular assist device, has been used to support patients who have severe heart failure or who are undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. We report our surgical placement of the Impella 5.0, through a graft sewn to the aorta, to unload the left ventricle of a 59-year-old man who was undergoing venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy shock. The patient underwent successful placement of a long-term left ventricular assist device before his discharge from the hospital. The versatility of the Impella 5.0 is exemplified in this patient who was successfully bridged to long-term support.     

颅脑CT和床旁超声在重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后监测中的应用

目的 对比分析颅脑CT和床旁超声在重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后监测中的诊断效能。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年9月行去骨板减压术治疗的140例重型颅脑损伤的临床资料，术后均行颅脑CT和床旁超声检查。结果 床旁超声脑挫裂伤、脑梗死、硬膜外血肿、硬膜下血肿、脑内血肿的检出率与颅脑CT监测无统计学差异（P>0.05），但其总检出率明显低于颅脑CT检查（P<0.05），诊断阳性率为88.06%。床旁超声在诊断出血量、中线位移动距离、脑室宽度绝对值、血肿大小等与颅脑CT监测无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 床旁超声在重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后监测中具有一定的优势，可在一定程度上替代颅脑CT检查，临床应用价值较高。     

宫颈癌根治术后腹腔间隔综合征一例诊治体会

腹腔间隔综合征(abdominal compartment syndrome,ACS)是开腹手术较为罕见的并发症,死亡率高。结合1例宫颈恶性肿瘤根治术后ACS合并切口裂开的病例,强调对于高危患者准确监测腹内压和及时剖腹手术的重要性。该患者极度肥胖,体质量指数(BMI)=40 kg/m^2,两次新辅助化疗后行宫颈癌根治术(经腹广泛子宫、双侧卵巢、双侧输卵管切除术,盆腔淋巴结切除术),术后第1天,持续腹胀咳嗽;术后第4天出现ACS,行开腹减压术。术后恢复良好,经过10个月的随访,未见并发症。     

一期联合手术治疗颈胸椎韧带串联骨化症

目的 探讨一期联合手术治疗颈胸椎韧带串联骨化症的疗效。方法 回顾性分析本院2005年1月~2010年1月,一期联合手术治疗的颈胸椎韧带串联骨化症患者14例。术前及术后6个月、末次随访时行日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分、Nurick分级法评价,分析比较术前、术后6个月及末次随访评分,并计算改善率。末次随访时行患者满意度评分。结果 所有患者均获得2~5年随访,出血量1 550.3±740.7 mL,手术时间278.5±54.6 min。1例患者出现血肿,2例患者术后出现C₅神经根麻痹,1例患者术后神经功能加重。术后6个月JOA评分明显较术前提高(P<0.01),与末次随访相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Nurick分级法术前3.6±0.7,术后6个月时明显提高到2.6±1.0(P<0.01),末次随访时为2.3±1.1(P>0.05)。满意度评分为1.8±1.1,Pearson相关分析显示患者满意度评分与JOA评分有明显的正相关性(r=0.649 3,P<0.01),而与Nurick分级法呈负相关(r=－0.594 1,P<0.05)。结论 一期联合手术减压可达到良好的神经功能恢复效果。患者满意度与术后神经功能改善明显相关,围手术期的并发症及术后因串联骨化症进展而导致再手术会明显降低患者的满意度评分。     

腰椎椎间孔镜手术治疗伴神经根管狭窄的腰椎椎间盘突出症

目的退变性腰椎椎间盘突出、黄韧带肥厚、关节突关节增生内聚引起神经根管狭窄,利用椎间孔镜对神经根管进行减压。方法对20例退变性神经根管狭窄症患者行腰椎椎间孔镜下神经根管扩大成形术,记录术前术后腰腿痛疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分,采用Macnab标准评价疗效。结果 20例患者术前平均腰痛VAS评分为5分,术后即刻为1.5分,术后3个月为0.5分。术前平均腿痛VAS评分为7分,术后即刻为0.3分,术后3个月为0.1分。18例患者术后3个月的改良Macnab疗效评定为优,2例患者为良。结论对腰椎退变性神经根管狭窄症,椎间孔镜可对突出的腰椎椎间盘、关节突关节以及黄韧带进行减压,有效地扩大神经根管,可获得很好的疗效。     

颈、胸、腰椎多节段椎管狭窄症行减压手术的临床疗效

目的分析颈、胸、腰椎多节段椎管狭窄症患者行一期椎管减压术的临床疗效。方法收集2009年10月~2012年5月解放军第八十九医院脊柱外一科收治的颈、胸、腰椎管狭窄症患者临床资料7例,均施行一期椎管扩大减压手术,从手术时间、出血量、日本骨科学会颈髓病评分评级标准(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA-C)、日本骨科学会下腰痛评分评级标准(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA-B)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、住院时间、围手术期并发症、患者满意度等方面来分析一期椎管减压术的临床疗效。结果 7例患者均得到随访,手术时间180~430 min,平均263 min。术中出血量350~1 500 m L,平均632 m L;JOA-C、JOA-B评分术前分别为(12.6±1.5)分、(14.2±5.3)分,术后(15.6±1.9)分、(20.2±5.5)分,术前术后差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);ODI术前(57.8±7.6)%,术后(28.3±6.8)%,术前术后差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者总体满意度为85.71%(6/7)。结论对颈、胸、腰椎多节段椎管狭窄症患者行一期椎管扩大减压手术,有一定临床效果,可改善患者生活质量。