Size-dependent long-term tissue response to biostable nanowires in the brain

Nanostructured neural interfaces, comprising nanotubes or nanowires, have the potential to overcome the present hurdles of achieving stable communication with neuronal networks for long periods of time. This would have a strong impact on brain research. However, little information is available on the brain response to implanted high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles, which share morphological similarities with asbestos fibres. Here, we investigated the glial response and neuronal loss in the rat brain after implantation of biostable and structurally controlled nanowires of different lengths for a period up to one year post-surgery. Our results show that, as for lung and abdominal tissue, the brain is subject to a sustained, local inflammation when biostable and high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles of 5 μm or longer are present in the brain tissue. In addition, a significant loss of neurons was observed adjacent to the 10 μm nanowires after one year. Notably, the inflammatory response was restricted to a narrow zone around the nanowires and did not escalate between 12 weeks and one year. Furthermore, 2 μm nanowires did not cause significant inflammatory response nor significant loss of neurons nearby. The present results provide key information for the design of future neural implants based on nanomaterials.     

Biocompatibility and Bioactive Potential of New Calcium Silicate–based Endodontic Sealers: Bio-C Sealer and Sealer Plus BC

IntroductionBio-C Sealer (BC; Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) and Sealer Plus BC (SPBC; MK Life, Porto Alegre, Brazil) are new ready-to-use bioceramic endodontic sealers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and bioactive potential of BC and SPBC sealers in comparison with AH Plus (AHP; Dentsply DeTrey Gmbh, Konstanz, Germany) in subcutaneous tissue of rats.MethodsPolyethylene tubes filled with materials and empty tubes, serving as the control group, were implanted in the subcutaneous tissues of rats. After 7, 15, 30, and 60 days, the tubes with connective tissue were removed, and inflammatory cells (ICs)/mm² and immunolabeled cells for interleukin (IL)-6 were evaluated. Osteocalcin and von Kossa analysis were also performed. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey tests, with a significance level of 5%.ResultsAt 7 days, SPBC showed lower ICs than BC (P < .05). AHP exhibited greater immunolabeled cells for IL-6 (P < .05). After 15 days, BC showed lower ICs and IL-6 compared with other materials. At 30 days, SPBC and AHP showed higher values for ICs (P < .05). After 60 days, calcium silicate sealers did not show statistical difference (P > .05) for ICs and IL-6, with values lower than AHP (P < .05). The materials showed positive structures to von Kossa staining. BC exhibited osteocalcin labeling in all periods. SPBC showed osteocalcin labeling from 15–60 days. AHP and the control group did not exhibit osteocalcin labeling.ConclusionsBC and SPBC sealers are biocompatible and present bioactive potential.     

An in-vitro study investigating the effect of air-abrasion bioactive glasses on dental adhesion,cytotoxicity and odontogenic gene expression

ObjectiveTo assess the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) and interfacial characteristics of universal adhesives applied on dentine air-abraded using different powders. The analysis includes the cytotoxicity of the powders and their effect on odontogenic gene expression.MethodsSound human dentine specimens were air-abraded using bioglass 45S5 (BAG), polycarboxylated zinc-doped bioglass (SEL), alumina (AL) and submitted to SEM analysis. Resin composite was bonded to air-abraded or smear layer-covered dentine (SML) using an experimental (EXP) or a commercial adhesive (ABU) in etch&rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) modes. Specimens were stored in artificial saliva (AS) and subjected to MTBS testing after 24 h and 10 months. Interfacial nanoleakage assessment was accomplished using confocal microscopy. The cytotoxicity of the powders was assessed, also the total RNA was extracted and the expression of odontogenic genes was evaluated through RT-PCR.ResultsAfter prolonged AS storage, specimens in the control (SML) and AL groups showed a significant drop in MTBS (p > 0.05), with degradation evident within the bonding interface. Specimens in BAG or SEL air-abraded dentine groups showed no significant difference, with resin-dentine interfaces devoid of important degradation. The metabolic activity of pulp stem cells was not affected by the tested powders. SEL and BAG had no effect on the expression of odontoblast differentiation markers. However, AL particles interfered with the expression of the odontogenic markers.SignificanceThe use of bioactive glass air-abrasion may prevent severe degradation at the resin-dentine interface. Unlike alumina, bioactive glasses do not interfere with the normal metabolic activity of pulp stem cells and their differentiation to odontoblasts.     

2 种新型骨植入钛合金的细胞生物相容性研究

目的:研究国内2种新研制骨植入钛合金Ti1、Ti2对成骨细胞生物学行为的影响。方法:采用SD乳鼠体外原代分离培养的成骨细胞,将细胞分别接种于新型钛合金表面建立体外共同培养。采用MTT比色试验检测第3天成骨细胞的增殖百分率,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察细胞形态学变化,并且对培养第5天时细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)功能活性进行检测。结果:成骨细胞在新合金表面增殖百分率、碱性磷酸酶活性检测值均高于对照组,细胞增殖百分率及碱性磷酸酶吸光度值与对照组间统计学分析无显著性差异(P>0.05)。扫描电镜观察细胞在新合金表面伸展状况良好、黏附牢固,并具有成骨细胞典型形态特征。结论:2种新型钛合金对成骨细胞学行为无不良影响。     

3D打印个体化钛网的机械力学性能及生物相容性分析

目的 比较3D打印钛网与成品钛网的机械力学性能差异,并评价3D打印钛网对细胞生长及分化的影响。方法 采用激光打印技术制备个体化3D打印钛网,用静态拉伸压缩载荷实验检测机械力学性能,评估机械力学性能。选择4周龄雄性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,与不同孔径大小的3D打印钛网共培养。采用CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖情况;对各组细胞进行成骨诱导分化后,检测碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性改变,运用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关成骨基因的表达;通过扫描电镜及活/死细胞染色,观察细胞在3D打印钛网上的黏附和生长情况。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 3D打印钛网的拉伸压缩负载实验结果显示其具有优异的力学性能;相比对照组,不同孔径钛网对细胞增殖的影响不大,细胞在钛网上显现出良好的黏附和生长状态。3D打印钛网对成骨分化具有一定的促进作用。结论 3D打印钛网的机械力学性能优异,且具有良好的生物相容性。     

微弧氧化处理后纯钛植入体的皮下埋置实验及表面元素成分研究

目的：对微弧氧化(microarc oxidation，MAO)处理的纯钛材料进行动物皮下埋置实验，以评价MAO处理的纯钛材料的生物相容性及材料一软组织反应。方法：选取纯钛材料经过MAO处理后，在无菌手术条件下植入家兔的背部浅筋膜下，以相同规格的纯钛试件作为对照，采用GB／T16886．6的国家医疗器械生物学评价标准，对此种材料的生物相容性进行评价，对取出的标本进行扫描电镜的观察及能谱分析。结果：所有实验动物在实验过程中未发现异常现象，组织学观察发现MAO组与对照组试件周围形成的纤维囊壁均匀，厚度一致，未发现异常的炎症细胞聚集和浸润，未见到MAO组试件涂层脱落现象。将MAO组试件取出后进行SEM观察，见其材料表面沉积有少量的磷酸钙盐颗粒，并含有较高比例的N，C元素，对照组试件未见到磷酸钙盐颗粒，N，C元素的含量较低。结论：进行动物皮下埋置的MAO处理后纯钛材料没有明显局部炎症反应，具有很好的组织相容性和一定的钙磷元素谲导沂和能于1．     

脱细胞气管基质及PGA膜细胞生物相容性比较研究

目的:采用体外细胞培养的方法,对自制的家兔、SD大鼠脱细胞气管基质材料、PGA膜的细胞生物相容性进行比较研究,探讨脱细胞基质用作组织工程化人工涎腺样组织体外构建研究所需支架材料的可能性。方法:取新生SD大鼠颌下腺细胞,经体外培养扩增后,将传代的颌下腺腺细胞接种在上述3种材料上进行体外培养,对材料上的细胞进行形态学、细胞增殖情况、材料/细胞培养上清液中α-淀粉酶含量进行观察或检测。结果:涎腺细胞均能在气管基质材料及PGA膜上黏附、生长。以天然气管衍生材料更佳。结论:脱细胞气管基质材料是一种细胞生物相容性良好的支架材料,可用于组织工程化涎腺样组织体外构建的实验研究。     

类骨质羟基磷灰石修复骨缺损的实验研究

目的:了解类骨质羟基磷灰石(OHA)的生物相容性,初步探讨其作为骨替代材料的可行性。方法:12只新西兰白兔随机分为4组,在双侧股骨内侧髁形成9mm×4mm×5mm大小的缺损,分别植入OHA和对照材料,术后2、4、8、12周取标本,进行大体标本、X线、组织学切片、扫描电镜观察及成骨面积的定量分析。结果:实验组成骨细胞易于粘附、生长、增殖,骨小梁形成钙化早,新骨面积百分比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论:类骨质羟基磷灰石是一种良好的骨替代材料,具有广阔的应用前景。     

骨髓间充质干细胞结合珊瑚人工骨移植修复牙周缺损的实验研究

目的评估自体骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）种植珊瑚人工骨（NC）后形成的复合物结合牙周引导组织再生术治疗狗牙周缺损的效果。方法（1）体外分离获得狗的MSCs，矿化培养液进行成骨诱导，检测细胞的成骨活性；（2）将NC和PLGA—NC复合膜分别吸附MSCs共培养，观察复合物的形态：（3）将MSCs与NC共培养10d后的复合物移植到狗的牙周实验性骨缺损处。8周后行组织学染色牙周再生检测。结果（1）诱导后的MSCs成骨活性明显，矿化结节茜素红染色和Ⅰ型胶原免疫组化染色阳性；（2）MSCs与NC和PLGA—NC复合膜均有较好的生物相容性；（3）MSCs—NC复合物移植后可修复牙周缺损。结论MSCs有望成为牙周前体细胞的体外来源，骨组织工程学方法修复牙周缺损是可行的。     

成骨细胞在微弧氧化处理后纯钛表面的附着、增殖及ALP活性

目的 :对表面微弧氧化 (microarcoxidation ,MAO)处理后的纯钛材料进行成骨细胞生物相容性检测 ,评价改进的MAO工艺应用于钛植入材料表面处理的可能性。方法 :纯钛材料经过 2种MAO处理后 (MAO 1和MAO 2工艺 ) ,采用MC 3T3细胞系对不同时间点成骨细胞在材料表面的附着率、生长增殖情况以及ALP活性进行检测 ,以未经处理光滑纯钛表面作为对照 ,以SPSS对实验结果进行统计分析。结果 :早期 (0 .5h、1h)细胞附着率差异有统计学意义 ,MAO 1组 >MAO 2组 >纯钛组 ;2h后 ,MAO 1组与MAO 2组无差异 ,2组细胞附着率都显著高于纯钛组。细胞增殖及ALP活性测试中 ,MAO 1处理组在各时间点都显著高于另外 2组。结论 :MAO处理后的纯钛对成骨细胞的生物相容性优于未处理组 ,改进的MAO 1处理工艺较一般工艺可以更有效提高成骨细胞的早期粘附、增殖及ALP活性。