Peri-procedural myocardial injury: 2005 update.

During the past three decades, percutaneous coronary intervention has become one of the cardinal treatment strategies for stenotic coronary artery disease. Technical advances, including the introduction of new devices such as stents, have expanded the interventional capabilities of balloon angioplasty. At the same time, there has been a decline in the rate of major adverse cardiac events, including Q-wave acute myocardial infarction, emergency coronary artery bypass grafting, and cardiac death. Despite these advances, the incidence of post-procedural cardiac marker elevation has not substantially decreased since the first serial assessment 20 years ago. As of now, these post-procedural cardiac marker elevations are considered to represent peri-procedural myocardial injury (PMI) with worse long-term outcome potential. Recent progress has been made for the identification of two main PMI patterns, one near the intervention site (proximal type, PMI type I) and one in the distal perfusion territory of the treated coronary artery (distal type, PMI type II) as well as for preventive strategies. Integrating these new developments into the wealth of clinical information on this topic, this review aims at giving a current perspective on the entity of PMI.     

冠脉旋磨术在冠状动脉钙化病变患者PCI治疗中的应用价值

目的:研究冠脉旋磨术(CRA)在冠状动脉钙化(CAC)病变患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗中的应用价值。方法:2016年6月~2016年12月于我院治疗,且需行PCI治疗的CAC病变患者104例被随机分为旋磨治疗组(52例,接受CRA)和球囊扩张组(52例,接受球囊扩张术),比较两组介入治疗指标、术中并发症发生率及随访1年内主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生率。结果:两组术前最小管腔直径无显著差异(P=0.304)。与球囊扩张组比较,旋磨治疗组手术时间[(96.29±7.15)min比(72.96±5.76)min]、对比剂用量[(113.25±14.54)ml比(83.27±13.18)ml]、放射线暴露时间[(12.74±1.58)min比(9.07±1.26)min]、术中并发症发生率(26.92%比5.77%)显著降低,支架置入数量[(1.75±0.28)枚比(2.27±0.35)枚]、术后最小管腔直径[(3.15±0.53)mm比(4.31±0.86)mm]、病变残余狭窄<10%率(65.38%比94.23%)、手术即刻成功率(76.92%比98.08%)均显著升高(P均<0.01)。随访期间,旋磨治疗组MACE发生率显著低于球囊扩张组(13.46%比38.46%),P=0.004。结论:CRA能显著提高CAC病变患者PCI治疗手术成功率,降低术中并发症发生率,改善患者预后。     

A randomized trial of transcutaneous extraction atherectomy in femoral arteries: Intravascular ultrasound observations

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that in occlusions of the superficial femoral artery, removal of atherosclerotic plaque would result in a higher long-term patency rate compared to balloon dilatation alone. A secondary hypothesis was that long term patency would be proportional to the amount of plaque removed. Methods. A randomized controlled study of patients with occluded superficial femoral arteries was performed comparing balloon dilatation alone versus a 2.7 mm or a larger (4.0 mm or 4.7 mm) transcutaneous extraction catheter (TEC) atherectomy device followed by balloon dilatation. The effect of these devices on plaque area was assessed directly by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Results. The mean occlusion length was 19.4 cm ± 11.7 cm. The mean lumen area increased from 4.7 mm² to 15.1 mm², primarily due to balloon dilatation, but the mean atheroma area of 19.8 mm² did not change with either size of TEC device. Although the initial procedure success rate was high (79%), the 6 month patency was only 45%. There was no difference in 6 month patency between the 3 groups. Conclusions. The data indicate that the TEC atherectomy devices do not remove a significant amount of atherosclerotic plaque in occluded superficial femoral arteries. The 6 month patency is no different with these atherectomy devices than with balloon dilatation alone. The larger (4.0 mm or 4.7 mm) TEC device does not remove any more tissue than the smaller (2.7 mm) device. The use of intravascular ultrasound to quantitate the effects of this atherectomy device provides important insights into the mechanism of action and lack of efficacy of the TEC atherectomy catheter. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

SilverHawk斑块切除系统用于治疗股腘动脉硬化性闭塞症

目的 评价SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗股腘动脉硬化性闭塞症的安全性及近期疗效. 方法 2011年4月至2012年5月采用SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗股腘动脉硬化性闭塞症患者36例(40条动脉).男28例,女8例,年龄60 ～ 84岁,平均(72 ±6)岁.所有患者术前均行下肢动脉CTA检查及动脉造影明确诊断,其中股腘动脉原发性病变25条动脉,股腘动脉支架内再闭塞15条.按泛大西洋协作组(TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus,TASC)Ⅱ分型A、B、C、D型病变分别为6、6、9、4条;Rutherford分级3～5级,术前踝肱指数(ankle brachial index,ABI) 0.53±0.12.结果 本组技术成功率100％,治疗成功率87.5％ (35/40),无死亡病例.3例术中出现并发症:2例为血管损伤,其中1例采用覆膜支架处理,另1例因出血不严重,未予特殊处理;1例发生远侧肢体动脉栓塞,采用导管吸栓.所有患者术后症状较术前减轻,术后ABI 0.72±0.18.所有患者均获得随访,平均(6.4±1.2)个月.其中1例在术后6个月出现再狭窄,再次置入球囊扩支架;对3例出现并发症患者行彩超随访,患肢股腘动脉病变段及栓塞处动脉通畅.结论 SilverHawk斑块切除系统治疗股腘动脉硬化性闭塞症安全有效,近期效果满意.     

Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in coronary artery thrombi

To validate the hypothesis that artery sites occluded with thrombi release pro-inflammatory cytokines, we measured concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in infarct-related coronary artery thrombi and atherosclerotic plaque specimens obtained with a transluminal extraction catheter (TEC) from cases of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Fifteen patients (group I) were enrolled in the study and four sets of samples were obtained (taken from the right atrium both before and after angioplasty, from infarct-related coronary artery thrombi and atherosclerotic plaque aspirated with a TEC and from the thoracic aorta aspirated with a TEC). Ten patients undergoing elective TEC served as controls (group II). IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in all patients by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both IL-6 and IL-8 levels of infarct-related coronary artery samples in group I were significantly higher than in group II (mean ± SEM, 15.3 ± 4.5 vs. 3.8 ± 1.2 pg/ml; P < 0.01 and 44.0 ± 2.4 vs. 15.6 ± 0.6 pg/ml; P < 0.001, respectively). The results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines originate from occluded coronary arteries in acute MI.     

Differential expression of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms in human atherosclerotic plaque

Intimal proliferation and functional changes involving vascular smooth muscle cells are key events in the development of atherosclerosis, including restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Nonmuscle myosin (NMM) is required for cytokinesis and has been shown in cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells to undergo changes of isoform expression depending on the stage of proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential expression of the two most recently identified nonmuscle myosin heavy chain isoform II (NMMHC-II) isoforms A and B in atherosclerotic plaque. Primary atherosclerotic and restenotic atherectomy specimens and non-atherosclerotic controls, were analyzed by Western Blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain isoform IIA (NMMHC-IIA) was equally expressed in all types of tissue specimens both at the protein and mRNA levels. In contrast, NMMHC-IIB protein was found in restenotic specimens and normal artery but was at very low levels in primary atherosclerotic plaque. By in situ hybridization NMMHC-IIB mRNA levels were significantly greater in restenotic versus primary atherosclerotic lesions. NMMHC-IIB expression is associated with vascular restenosis but is downregulated in stable atherosclerotic lesions, whereas NMMHC-IIA is expressed in both. These results indicate that these new myosin isoforms have different functions and should be regarded separately with respect to smooth muscle proliferation and restenosis. They should prove to be useful molecular markers for the study of atherosclerosis and restenosis.     

Clinical and haemodynamic evolution of lesions treated by means of atherectomy with SilverHawk in the femoropopliteal sector

The objective of the work is to study the clinical and haemodynamic evolution, over 1 year, in patients with femoropopliteal arterial pathology treated by means of atherectomy with the SilverHawk device.

Materials and methods

Nineteen (19) patients were treated between December 2008 and May 2009, collecting data on sex, age, comorbidity and clinical degree, with prospective monitoring over 12 months of clinical symptoms, physical examination and ecodoppler, obtaining results on diameter and peak systolic velocity at different arterial levels.

Results

Of the 19 patients, 14 were men and 5 women, with a mean age of 70 years, hypertensive (73%), diabetic (63%) and smokers (63%). Six (6) presented disabling claudication and 13 critical ischemia with advanced distal trophic lesions in 5. A good arteriographic result was obtained in 12 cases, a stent was placed on the superficial femoral artery in 5 due to suboptimal outcome. Contrast extravasation was observed in 2, with femoropopliteal bypass performed and one exclusion with endoprosthesis for repair. In the ecodoppler after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, a progressive reduction in lumen diameter and peak intraarterial systolic velocity was observed, particularly on the distal superficial femoral artery. After one year, 7 patients (36.8%) were symptom-free, 5 (26.3%) presented mild or moderate intermittent claudication and 1 patient (5.3%) presented localised distal trophic lesion. Four (4) major amputations were performed, in 2 the knee was preserved, there were 3 thromboses due to the procedure, a secondary endovascular procedure was performed in one case and a femoropopliteal bypass in another, and there were 2 non procedure-related deaths.

Discussion

atherectomy with SilverHawk achieves an improvement in clinical degree, with a good rate of extremity salvage in patients with critical ischemia. In the first year, the ecodoppler shows evolution of the arteriopathy, without this necessarily meaning a clinical worsening.     

Comparison of outcomes for balloon angioplasty,atherectomy, and stenting in the treatment of infrapopliteal disease for chronic limb-threatening ischemia

ObjectiveWe evaluated limb salvage (LS), amputation-free survival (AFS), and target extremity reintervention (TER) after plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA), stenting, and atherectomy for treatment of infrapopliteal disease (IPD) with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI).MethodsAll index peripheral vascular interventions for IPD and CLTI were identified from the Vascular Quality Initiative registry. Of the multilevel procedures, the peripheral vascular intervention type was indexed to the infrapopliteal segment. Propensity score matching was used to control for baseline differences between groups. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression were used to calculate and compare LS and AFS.ResultsThe 3-year LS for stenting vs POBA was 87.6% vs 81.9% (P = .006) but was not significant on Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-0.76; P = .08). AFS was superior for stenting vs POBA (78.1% vs 69.5%; P = .001; HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90; P = .003). LS was similar for POBA and atherectomy (81.9% vs 84.8%; P = .11) and for stenting and atherectomy (87.6% vs 84.8%; P = .23). The LS rate after propensity score matching for POBA vs stenting was 83.4% vs 88.2% (P = .07; HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.50-1.017; P = .062). The AFS rate for stenting vs POBA was 78.8% vs 69.4% (P = .005; HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54-0.89; P = .005). No significant differences were found between stenting and atherectomy (P = .21 for atherectomy; and P = .34 for POBA). The need for TER did not differ across the groups but the interval to TER was significantly longer for stenting than for POBA or atherectomy (stenting vs POBA, 12.8 months vs 7.7 months; P = .001; stenting vs atherectomy, 13.5 months vs 6.8 months; P < .001).ConclusionsStenting and atherectomy had comparable LS and AFS for patients with IPD and CLTI. However, stenting conferred significant benefits for AFS compared with POBA but atherectomy did not. Furthermore, the interval to TER was nearly double for stenting compared with POBA or atherectomy. These factors should be considered when determining the treatment strategy for this challenging anatomic segment.     

冠心病不稳定性斑块的临床研究

目的探讨血清中可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)与动脉粥样斑块稳定性的关系.方法测定急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者在入院即刻、入院1周、出院时的血清ICAM-1浓度,并与对照组比较分析.结果ACS组血清ICAM-1浓度明显高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论ICAM-1与冠脉斑块不稳定性呈密切相关,可望作为诊断冠脉斑块不稳定性的参考指标.     

全国第三次冠心病介入治疗病例注册登记资料分析

目的：分析1999－2001年我国冠心病介入治疗（PCI）的发展趋势。方法：凡开展冠心病介入治疗的医院，均填写由中华医学会心血管病学分会介入心脏病学组和中华心血管病杂志编辑部统一印发的表格，根据表格提供的资料对1999－2001年我国完成的PCI病例进行回顾性统计分析。结果：1999－2001年共注册PCI病例总数26098例，来自全国范围内112所医院，其中1999年8000例，2000年11753例，2001年16345例，总成功率97．0％。共扩张病变53695处，其中43304处（80．6％）病变置入支架，支架置入成功率90％。30339例择期PCI的主要并发症包括冠状动脉痉挛（2．4％）、严重冠状动脉夹层（2．2％）、冠状动脉急性闭塞（0．8％）、急性、亚急性血栓形成（0．6％）、急性心肌梗死（0．5％）、急诊冠状动脉旁路移植术（0．07％）、死亡（0．31％）。随访中靶血管重建术7．0％。急性心肌梗死急诊PCI较上次注册资料有较大增长，共5759例，其中直接PCI 4417例，补救性CI这1342例，总成功率96．3％。左主干PCI共完成551例，总成功率98．4％，手术死亡率0．9％，随访期中死亡8例（1．5％），靶血管重建术8．2％。此次参加注册的医院中，每年完成PCI＜75例的医院占46．0％，每年完成PCI＞200例的医院仅占20．1％。结论：近3年来我国PCI仍迅速发展，每年完成例数以40％左右的速率增长，PCI成功率及燕发症发生率与国外献报道相似。在严格选择的左主干病变，PCI也取得较好效果。但我国各地及各医院之间PCI发展仍极不平衡，继续加强技术培训及规范化管理，在今后一段时间内仍然是十分必要的。