Is there still a place for angiography in the management of renal mass lesions?

In recent years, the development of noninvasive imaging modalities for exploration of the kidney has markedly reduced the use of angiography in the evaluation of renal masses. Presently, it is not required in routine practice to evaluate renal masses. Ultrasound is the most efficient procedure in detecting renal tumor. It is acknowledged that arteriography has a limited diagnostic and staging value compared with CT and MRI for the assessment of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Most urologists recommend partial nephrectomy or tumor enucleation in an effort to preserve as much as possible functioning renal tissue. In such cases a preoperative map of the renal vasculature is not needed. Information on the main renal artery(ies) and segmental renal arteries can be provided with spiral CT or dynamic MR angiography. Arteriography remains useful in exceptional situations. Interventional arteriography is becoming an important part. It is indicated by means of selective embolization for the treatment of potentially bleeding tumor (i. e. angiomyolipoma) or in emergency in cases of acute hemorrhage. Less frequently, it may be proposed as a palliative procedure for inoperable patients with huge renal tumor. Two other indications of interventional arteriography are acknowledged. Some urologists request preoperative embolization of the tumor-harboring kidney to decrease/avoid extensive blood loss during surgery and/or to facilitate surgery with huge renal tumors when the renal vessels are difficult to reach. The complications of nephron-sparing surgery (partial nephrectomy or tumor enucleation) related to bleeding or arteriovenous fistulas may be cured by arterial embolization. Received: 18 May 1998; Revision received: 3 August 1998; Accepted: 6 August 1998     

Giant angiomyolipoma associated with marked pulmonary lesions suggesting lymphangioleiomyomatosis in a patient with tuberous sclerosis

The association between Tuberous Sclerosis (TS) and Angiomyolipoma (AML) is well known. A patient with TS and giant AML mimicking Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), measuring 29 × 18 × 11 cm, weighing 4700 gr is presented. Imaging studies revealed coexistent pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and concurrent renal and pulmonary involvement is extremely rare in patients in TS. We believe that the growth potential of this hamartomatous lesion may reach to a life threatening size. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Angiomyolipoma arising in the thigh

A 41-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic mass in the right medial thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-demarcated, 10-cm mass in the right adductor muscles. The margins of the mass exhibited high signal intensity and the rest showed low or iso signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images. However, the high signal intensity was decreased on T2-weighted images with fat suppression. The central part of the tumor was of inhomogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted images; after Gd-DTPA injection it enhanced inhomogeneously on T1-weighted images with fat suppression. On dynamic computed tomography (CT) in the arterial phase, there were strongly enhancing spotty areas in the tumor. At surgery, a yellow-whitish tumor was resected and a pathological diagnosis of angiomyolipoma (AML) in the thigh was made. Received: 21 June 1999 Revision requested: 28 July 1999 Revision received: 13 December 1999 Accepted: 15 December 1999     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的疗效观察

1．下列哪一项不是根治性胃癌手术时为保存消化器官的功能而至少应该保留的神经： A．迷走神经的肝支、腹腔支 B．迷走神经的胃前支 C．肝神经丛 D．腹腔神经丛     

肾周脂肪肉瘤与肾脏巨大血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT和MRI鉴别诊断价值

目的评价CT和MRI对肾周脂肪肉瘤与肾脏巨大血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)的鉴别诊断价值。资料与方法搜集经手术病理证实的肾周脂肪肉瘤18例和肾脏巨大AML(直径>8cm)14例患者资料。32例均行CT检查,10例同时行MRI检查,分析脂肪肉瘤和AML的影像学特点。结果AML有14例显示肾实质缺损、11例发现瘤内扩张血管、5例肿瘤出血及3例伴有更小AML;而脂肪肉瘤无肾实质缺损、出血及不伴有更小AML征象,仅1例发现瘤内血管。肾实质缺损、瘤内扩张血管及肿瘤出血对鉴别两者差异有统计学意义。结论肾实质缺损、瘤内血管和出血是肾周脂肪肉瘤与肾脏巨大AML鉴别的重要影像学征象。     

肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT特征

目的:探讨肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT表现及特征。方法:回顾性分析经手术或穿刺活检证实的7例肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT表现。结果:7例肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,共发现8个病灶。CT平扫均表现为低密度,其中4个病灶内可测得脂肪密度,CT值<-20HU,1个病灶内可见略高密度出血区及低密度囊变区。增强扫描动脉期8个病灶均显著强化,其中7个病灶为团片状不均匀强化,1个病灶为均匀强化。门脉期6个病灶持续或渐进性强化。5例加行延迟扫描,其中4个病灶仍持续强化。动脉期和/或门脉期6个病灶可见中心血管影。结论:肿瘤内含脂肪成分、动脉期显著不均匀强化、门脉期和延迟期持续或渐进性强化及中心血管影是肝脏血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的特征性CT表现。     

子宫血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例及文献复习

血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（AML）是血管周上皮样细胞肿瘤（PEComa）中的一种,其特征是良性平滑肌细胞、脂肪细胞和血管呈不同比例存在,发病率较低,尚缺乏统一的指南或共识。本文报道了1例子宫血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊疗经过,同时通过文献复习的方式探讨PEComa的临床表现、诊断、分子机制、治疗及预后。     

Hepatic angiomyolipoma: A retrospective study of 25 cases

PURPOSE: We report our experience of diagnosing and treating hepatic angiomyolipoma (HAML), a rare benign mesenchymal tumor. METHODS: We analyzed retrospectively the clinicopathologic, radiological, and operative data of 25 patients who underwent surgery for HAML at our institute between November 2001 and May 2006. RESULTS: Most patients (20/25) were asymptomatic and had normal liver function. Ultrasonography (US) showed a heterogeneous hyperechoic mass in 13 of 23 patients, precontrast computed tomography (CT) showed that all of 12 lesions scanned were hypodense, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed hypointensity on T1-weighted images and hyperintensity on T2-weighted images in most (5/6) lesions. Marked enhancement in the arterial phase was seen in 10 of 12 lesions on CT scans and in 6 of 6 lesions on MRI scans. All tumors were composed of varying proportions of smooth muscle, adipose tissue, and blood vessels, and showed positive immunohistochemical staining for HMB-45. All patients underwent partial hepatectomy and there was no evidence of recurrence after a median follow-up of 43 months. CONCLUSION: The radiological features of HAML vary according to its histological components. The definitive diagnosis of HAML is challenging and depends on the presence of HMB-45-positive myoid cells. Hepatic angiomyolipoma is treated effectively with surgery and the prognosis is good.     

肝脏乏脂肪型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨肝脏乏脂肪型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（mHAML）的CT诊断及其鉴别诊断,提高对肝脏不典型占位病变的认识。方法选择5例经手术或穿刺活检证实的 mHAML,均行CT平扫及三期动态增强扫描,分析薄层轴位及最大密度投影（MIP）重组图像CT表现。结果5例均为肝内单发病灶,边界清晰,CT平扫呈均匀稍低密度,未测得脂肪密度。5例CT增强动脉期均呈全瘤欠均匀明显强化,其中3例门脉期及延迟期持续强化高于周围肝实质密度,时间-密度曲线呈“速升缓降”改变;2例门脉期强化密度迅速减低,呈“速升速降”表现。5例病灶动脉期薄层及 MIP重组图像显示中央均可见迂曲粗大点、条状血管影,其中1例病灶周边见动脉期提早显示引流肝静脉影。病理组织学示5例病灶内主要含血管和平滑肌成分,脂肪含量极少（＜10％）。结论 mHAML CT动态增强扫描强化特征与其他富血供病变类似,导致鉴别诊断困难。多排螺旋 CT（MDCT）薄层及 MIP重组技术对鉴别诊断有重要价值。无肝炎病史、肝硬化背景,AFP正常,肝内病灶无包膜,动脉期其中央出现迂曲粗大点、条状血管影伴或不伴病灶周边引流肝静脉早期显影者,提示 mHAML可能。