Key Social Determinants to Narrow the Gap between Health-adjusted Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy in Megacities

ObjectiveImprovement in the quality of life is reflected in the narrowing of the gap between health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and life expectancy (LE). The effect of megacity expansion on narrowing the gap is rarely reported. This study aimed to disclose this potential relationship.MethodsAnnual life tables were constructed from identified death records and population counts from multiple administrative sources in Guangzhou, China, from 2010 to 2020. Joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the temporal trend. Generalized principal component analysis and multilevel models were applied to examine the county-level association between the gap and social determinants.ResultsAlthough LE and HALE in megacities are increasing steadily, their gap is widening. Socio-economic and health services are guaranteed to narrow this gap. Increasing personal wealth, a growing number of newborns and healthy immigrants, high urbanization, and healthy aging have helped in narrowing this gap.ConclusionIn megacities, parallel LE and HALE growth should be highly considered to narrow their gap. Multiple social determinants need to be integrated as a whole to formulate public health plans.     

Protocol for a pilot and feasibility study of nurse practitioner-pharmacist telehealth collaboration to simplify complex medication regimens

IntroductionNew and flexible multidisciplinary workforce models are needed to address unnecessary medication regimen complexity in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). This study will investigate the feasibility of a nurse practitioner-pharmacist telehealth-based collaborative care model to simplify complex medication regimens.MethodsThis is a pragmatic, non-randomized pilot and feasibility study of up to 30 permanent residents from 4 RACFs in Western Australia. Simplification will be conducted in accordance with a validated 5-step implicit process. Nurse practitioners will identify residents potentially interested in and who may benefit from simplification, including any regulatory or safety imperatives that might preclude simplification. Medication regimens will be assessed by an off-site clinical pharmacist to identify opportunities for simplification in terms of drug–drug, drug–food, or drug–time interactions, and the availability of alternative formulations. The pharmacist will communicate simplification opportunities to nurse practitioners via video case conferencing. Nurse practitioners will then discuss simplification opportunities with the resident, caregiver and the health and care team, including any unintended consequences for the resident or RACF. The primary outcome measure will be feasibility (stakeholder acceptability, protocol adherence, recruitment and retention rates). Secondary outcomes include change in the number of medication administration times per day, medication and behavioral incidents, falls and fractures, hospitalization and mortality at 4 months.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee. Research findings will be disseminated through industry report, lay summaries, conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.     

托珠单抗在新型冠状病毒肺炎的应用研究探讨

2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19)在武汉暴发并蔓延至全国,给整个社会带来巨大的挑战。部分COVID-19感染者早期发病并不十分凶险,但后期会突然加速进展,病人很快进入多脏器功能衰竭的状态,李兰娟院士等提出了"细胞因子风暴"概念。但目前并没有特效药物,认为IL-6是诱发细胞因子风暴的重要通路,本文结合相关文献的复习和分析,旨在综述IL-6受体阻断剂托珠单抗在新型冠状病毒肺炎危重患者使用的可行性。     

Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances,immune-related outcomes,and lung function in children from a Spanish birth cohort study

BackgroundPrenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has been associated with impaired immune and respiratory health during childhood but the evidence is inconsistent and limited for lung function. We studied the association between prenatal PFASs exposure and immune and respiratory health, including lung function, up to age 7 years in the Spanish INMA birth cohort study.MethodsWe assessed four PFASs in maternal plasma samples collected during the 1st trimester of pregnancy (years: 2003–2008): perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA). Mothers reported the occurrence (yes/no) of lower respiratory tract infections, wheezing, asthma, and eczema in the previous 12 months at 1.5 and 4 years of the child (n = 1188) and at 7 years (n = 1071). At ages 4 (n = 503) and 7 (n = 992) years lung function was assessed using spirometry tests.ResultsThe most abundant PFASs were PFOS and PFOA (geometric means: 5.80 and 2.31 ng/mL, respectively). The relative risk of asthma during childhood per each doubling in PFNA concentration was 0.74 (95 CI%: 0.57, 0.96). The relative risk of eczema during childhood per every doubling in PFOS concentration was 0.86 (95 CI%: 0.75, 0.98). Higher PFOA concentrations were associated with lower forced vital capacity and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s z-scores at 4 years [β (95 CI %): −0.17 (−0.34, −0.01) and −0.13 (−0.29, 0.03), respectively], but not at 7 years.ConclusionThis longitudinal study suggests that different PFASs may affect the developing immune and respiratory systems differently. Prenatal exposure to PFNA and PFOS may be associated with reduced risk of respiratory and immune outcomes, particularly asthma and eczema whereas exposure to PFOA may be associated with reduced lung function in young children. These mixed results need to be replicated in follow-up studies at later ages.     

植物-土壤反馈对刺五加幼苗次生代谢产物的影响

目的:研究植物-土壤反馈对刺五加幼苗根、茎、叶次生代谢产物的影响。方法:通过温室盆栽试验,分别对未种植过刺五加的土壤(1组),连续3年种植刺五加的土壤(2组)和多年种植刺五加的土壤(3组),分别种植刺五加1年生幼苗,并对其根、茎、叶的次生代谢产物进行分析。结果:L-苯丙氨酸,原儿茶酸,刺五加苷B,绿原酸,咖啡酸,刺五加苷E,异嗪皮啶,芦丁,金丝桃苷,槲皮素在多年生长刺五加土壤种植,对刺五加幼苗叶和根均有显著性差异,但在茎中绿原酸和刺五加苷E无显著性差异。其中刺五加苷E,异嗪皮啶,芦丁和金丝桃苷在多年生刺五加土壤种植的幼苗叶中未检出。在刺五加幼苗的根中,多数次生代谢产物呈现正反馈;在刺五加幼苗的茎中,咖啡酸,刺五加苷E,金丝桃苷,槲皮素呈现负反馈;在刺五加幼苗的叶中多数次生代谢产物呈现正反馈。结论:植物和土壤在刺五加幼苗生长过程不同部位呈现出不同的反馈情况,整体而言,未种植过刺五加的土壤对刺五加幼苗的次生代谢产物更具优势。研究结果为阐述植物-土壤反馈对刺五加的影响提供研究基础,并为人工栽培刺五加提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

早期卧位踏车训练对下肢重度烧伤患者的效果

目的探讨早期卧位踏车训练在下肢重度烧伤患者功能康复中的临床效果。方法2016年10月至2017年12月,下肢重度烧伤患者30例分为对照组和观察组,各15例。对照组采用常规综合康复,观察组此基础上增加早期卧位踏车训练。入院时和住院治疗6周后,采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、疼痛数字评分法(NRS)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)和6分钟步行测试进行评定。结果治疗后,两组SAS、SDS、NRS评分均明显降低(t>3.636,P<0.01),观察组低于对照组(t>2.319,P<0.05);观察组BBS评分和6分钟步行距离高于对照组(t>2.541,P<0.05)。结论早期卧位踏车训练对下肢重度烧伤患者功能恢复有一定促进作用。     

利用Tox21通路数据库评估石家庄市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃激活毒性通路的风险

目的： 采用Tox21毒性检测数据库中通路数据对2017年石家庄市供暖期大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中多环芳烃（PAHs）的检测数据进行分析计算，评估PM_2.5引起毒性通路激活的风险。方法： 在石家庄市河北医科大学远离工业污染源设置1个采样点收集大气PM_2.5，通过气相色谱-串联质谱法（GC-MS）检测美国环境保护署优先控制的16种PAHs的浓度。利用MPPD软件计算各PAHs单体在成人肺泡中的沉积量；检索Tox21毒性检测数据库中芳烃受体（AhR）、核因子E2相关因子（Nrf2）、p53和核因子κB（NF-κB）各通路的剂量反应关系数据，计算各PAHs单体激活各通路的单位强度；结合PAHs在肺泡的沉积量和PAHs激活通路的强度，评估PM_2.5激活各个通路的风险。结果： 石家庄市供暖期PM_2.5中PAHs检测结果显示，苯并[a]芘的日均浓度为9.13 ng/m³，日均浓度排名前3的苯并[b]荧蒽、荧蒽和芘的浓度分别为22.88、17.86及14.31 ng/m³。这16种PAHs以苯并[a]芘为参照的毒性当量浓度为17.74 ng/m³。毒性通路激活风险预测结果提示激活强度最大的是NF-κB通路，其次是AhR、Nrf2，p53被激活的可能性最弱，其中相对应的活性暴露比（AER）值分别为1.97、1.71、0.58和0.28。结论： 石家庄市大气细颗粒物中PAHs的暴露，可能通过激活NF-κB和AhR信号通路增加致癌风险。     

某院耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌耐药基因分析

目的研究某院耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)在细菌耐药方面的分子流行病学特征,为CRE的防控提供依据。方法收集某院2013—2017年细菌室保存的CRE,对其进行多位点序列分型(MLST)、药敏试验、全基因序列测定,选取部分CRE中携带的碳青霉烯耐药基因进行基因环境分析。结果共收集62株CRE,成功复活51株;其中耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)30株,耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌(CREC)9株,耐碳青霉烯类阴沟肠杆菌(CRECL)6株,耐碳青霉烯类其他肠杆菌6株。CRKP MLST主要包括3株ST147、2株ST11;CREC MLST主要包括3株ST167;CRECL MLST主要包括3株ST93、2株ST88。51株CRE对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟的耐药率最高,均为100%。耐碳青霉烯类耐药基因分布:1株携带blaKPC-2,14株携带blaIMP-4,18株携带blaNDM-1,22株携带blaNDM-5,2株携带blaNDM-9,10株携带blaOXA-1,10株携带blaOXA-10,2株携带blaOXA-23,2株携带blaOXA-66。分析blaNDM-1、blaNDM-5、blaNDM-9、blaIMP-4不同菌种的基因环境,发现几种耐药基因各自的基因环境都与已报道的基因环境相似,无明显的菌种间差异性。结论耐药基因通过水平传播能稳定存在于不同的CRE菌株中,对医院感染防控造成一定的威胁。