内蒙古自治区器官捐献和移植工作现状与思考

<正>器官移植手术技术的改良、基础研究的突破以及新型免疫抑制剂的成功研发等医学进步,已使器官移植受者生存率和生活质量不断提高,但供器官来源问题始终是器官移植领域最大的困扰~([1])。我国开展公民逝世后器官捐献工作相对较晚,相关法规条例尚不够完善。同时,由于各地人口密度、地域文化、经济发展以及医疗设施和技术的差异,器官捐献工作的发展极不均衡,导致全国移植医疗资源严重失衡和医疗迁徙不断加剧,不仅增加了器官衰竭     

Oligo-monocytic CMML and other pre-CMML states: Clinical impact,prognostication and management

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is defined by myelodysplasia, pathologic accumulation of monocytes and a substantial risk to transform to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML). In recent years, minimal diagnostic criteria for classical CMML and CMML-variants were proposed. Moreover, potential pre-stages of CMML and interface conditions have been postulated. Oligomonocytic CMML is a condition where the absolute peripheral blood monocyte count does not reach a diagnostic level but all other criteria for CMML are fulfilled. Among potential pre-stages of CMML, clonal and non-clonal conditions have been described, including idiopathic monocytosis (IMUS) and clonal monocytosis of unknown significance (CMUS). Patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), clonal cytopenia of unknown significance (CCUS), clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance (ICUS) may also progress to CMML. The current article provides an overview of pre-CMML conditions and oligomonocytic CMML, with special reference to diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, clinical outcomes and management.     

《皮肤科学（非肿瘤性皮肤病）中皮肤镜术语和基本参数的标准化：国际皮肤镜协会专家共识》解读

【摘要】 为规范非肿瘤性皮肤病的皮肤镜检查标准，国际皮肤镜协会组织专家制定了《皮肤科学（非肿瘤性皮肤病）中皮肤镜术语和基本参数的标准化：国际皮肤镜协会专家共识》，该共识确定了5个标准化基本参数及31个子项，包括血管（形态和分布）、鳞屑（颜色和分布）、毛囊改变、其他结构（颜色和形态）、特异线索，并总结了它们的曾用名、组织病理学对应关系和主要涉及的疾病。本文通过介绍该共识，为未来相关中文皮肤镜术语及参数规范的制定提供参考，以期更好地规范皮肤镜在皮肤科学中的应用。     

Utility of different glycemic control metrics for optimizing management of diabetes

The benchmark for assessing quality of long-term glycemic control and adjustment of therapy is currently glycated hemoglobin(Hb A1c). Despite its importance as an indicator for the development of diabeticcomplications, recent studies have revealed that this metric has some limitations; it conveys a rather complex message, which has to be taken into consideration for diabetes screening and treatment. On the basis of recent clinical trials, the relationship between Hb A1 c and cardiovascular outcomes in long-standing diabetes has been called into question. It becomes obvious that other surrogate and biomarkers are needed to better predict cardiovascular diabetes complications and assess efficiency of therapy. Glycated albumin, fructosamin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol have received growing interest as alternative markers of glycemic control. In addition to measures of hyperglycemia, advanced glucose monitoring methods became available. An indispensible adjunct to Hb A1 c in routine diabetes care is selfmonitoring of blood glucose. This monitoring method is now widely used, as it provides immediate feedback to patients on short-term changes, involving fasting, preprandial, and postprandial glucose levels. Beyond the traditional metrics, glycemic variability has been identified as a predictor of hypoglycemia, and it might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diabetes complications. Assessment of glycemic variability is thus important, but exact quantification requires frequently sampled glucose measurements. In order to optimize diabetes treatment, there is a need for both key metrics of glycemic control on a day-to-day basis and for more advanced, user-friendly monitoring methods. In addition to traditional discontinuous glucose testing, continuous glucose sensing has become a useful tool to reveal insufficient glycemic management. This new technology is particularly effective in patients with complicated diabetes and provides the opportunity to characterize glucose dynamics. Several continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) systems, which have shown usefulness in clinical practice, are presently on the market. They can broadly be divided into systems providing retrospective or real-time information on glucose patterns. The widespread clinical application of CGM is still hampered by the lack of generallyaccepted measures for assessment of glucose profiles and standardized reporting of glucose data. In this article, we will discuss advantages and limitations of various metrics for glycemic control as well as possibilities for evaluation of glucose data with the special focus on glycemic variability and application of CGM to improve individual diabetes management.     

Tricalcium silicate cement sealers: Do the potential benefits of bioactivity justify the drawbacks?

BackgroundGrossman described the ideal properties of root canal sealers. The International Organization for Standardization and American National Standards Institute and American Dental Association have codified some of his requirements in ISO 6876 and ANSI/ADA 57, respectively. In this narrative review, the authors combined the ideal Grossman properties and requirements of these standards, emphasizing the newer tricalcium silicate cement sealers. This chemical matrix for such sealers was developed on the basis of the success of bioactive mineral trioxide aggregate–type (tricalcium silicate cement) materials for enhanced sealing and bioactivity.MethodsThe authors searched the internet and databases using Medical Subject Heading terms and then conducted a narrative review of those articles involving the tricalcium silicate cement endodontic sealers.ResultsNinety-four articles were identified that discussed tricalcium silicate cement sealers. Tricalcium silicate cement sealers are partially antimicrobial and have bioactivity, which may presage improved biological sealing of the root canal system. Most other properties of tricalcium silicate cement sealers are comparable with traditional root canal sealers.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this review, tricalcium silicate cement endodontic sealers met many of the criteria for ideal properties, such as placement, antimicrobial properties, and bioactivity, but limitations were noted in solubility, dimensional stability (shrinkage and expansion), and retrievability.Practical ImplicationsTricalcium silicate–based cements have been commercialized as bioactive, bioceramic endodontic sealers. Warm, cold, and single-cone obturation techniques are usable, depending on the commercial product. Some sealers can cause discoloration and are not easily retrievable, particularly when used to completely obturate a canal.     

中医药健康旅游等级划分与评定标准研究思路

本文阐述了中医药健康旅游等级划分与评定标准的研究思路,该标准将中医药健康旅游划分为3个等级,分别为中医健康旅游示范区、中医药健康旅游示范基地、中医药健康旅游示范项目。对中医药健康旅游示范区的评定从基础条件、资源与环境、基础设施与公共服务体系、安全与保障措施等5个方面展开;对中医药健康旅游示范基地的评定从基础条件、资源与环境、基础设施与公共服务体系、中医药健康旅游产品体系安全与保障措施等五个方面展开;对中医药健康旅游示范项目的评定从基础条件、自然与环境、基础设施与公共服务体系、中医药健康旅游特色项目分类、实施方案、安全保障、预期成果等7个方面展开。     

回眸2019——聚焦中国结直肠外科的发展与研究

虽然结直肠疾病的手术治疗进展较慢,但借助于近年来微创外科技术、围手术期综合治疗策略和临床研究的进步,中国结直肠外科亦得以快速发展。经肛全直肠系膜切除、盆腔侧方淋巴结清扫、直肠癌新辅助治疗临床完全缓解的“等待与观察”策略、机器人结直肠外科手术等仍然是近年来结直肠外科的热点议题。笔者结合全国性结直肠癌手术病例登记数据库建设以及临床研究等展开论述,以期为同道们梳理结直肠外科的发展脉络,共谋中国结直肠外科的发展。     

从全国结直肠癌手术病例数据库论述结直肠癌外科诊断与治疗的规范化

中国有全世界最大的结直肠癌患者群体,但鲜见来自中国的国际性结直肠癌诊断与治疗指南,或者来自中国的高等级循证医学研究证据。近年来,中国结直肠外科得到快速发展,无论在临床实践还是临床研究方面都取得长足进步,然而还存在诸多不平衡和欠规范之处。2018年中华医学会外科学分会结直肠外科学组牵头建立全国结直肠癌手术病例数据库,通过回顾性及前瞻性研究收集相关数据,并开展统计学分析发现:中国结直肠癌诊断与治疗过程以及数据管理的规范化都亟待提高,临床科研意识亦有待加强。因此,基于中国结直肠癌手术的数据库建设,如何开展中国结直肠癌手术相关临床研究,并获得高等级循证医学研究证据,是中国结直肠外科面临的最严峻考验。