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1.
Anthrax is a zoonotic infection caused by the gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Depending on the origin of the infection, serious health problems or mortality is possible. The virulence of B. anthracis is reliant on three pathogenic factors, which are secreted upon infection: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). Systemic illness results from LF and EF entering cells through the formation of a complex with the heptameric form of PA, bound to the membrane of infected cells through its receptor. The currently available anthrax vaccines have multiple drawbacks, and recombinant PA is considered a promising second-generation vaccine candidate. However, the inherent chemical instability of PA through Asn deamidation at multiple sites prevents its use after long-term storage owing to loss of potency. Moreover, there is a distinct possibility of B. anthracis being used as a bioweapon; thus, the developed vaccine should remain efficacious and stable over the long-term. Second-generation anthrax vaccines with appropriate adjuvant formulations for enhanced immunogenicity and safety are desired. In this article, using protein engineering approaches, we have reviewed the stabilization of anthrax vaccine candidates that are currently licensed or under preclinical and clinical trials. We have also proposed a formulation to enhance recombinant PA vaccine potency via adjuvant formulation.  相似文献   
2.
《Radiography》2022,28(2):353-359
Patient contact shielding has been in use for many years in radiology departments in order to reduce the effects and risks of ionising radiation on certain organs. New technologies in projection imaging and CT scanning such as digital receptors and automatic exposure control (AEC) systems have reduced doses and improved image consistency. These changes and a greater understanding of both the benefits and the risks from the use of shielding have led to a review of shielding use in radiology. A number of professional bodies have already issued guidance in this regard. This paper represents the current consensus view of the main bodies involved in radiation safety and imaging in Europe: European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics, European Federation of Radiographer Societies, European Society of Radiology, European Society of Paediatric Radiology, EuroSafe Imaging, European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS), and European Academy of DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology (EADMFR). It is based on the expert recommendations of the Gonad and Patient Shielding (GAPS) Group formed with the purpose of developing consensus in this area. The recommendations are intended to be clear and easy to use. They are intended as guidance, and they are developed using a multidisciplinary team approach. It is recognised that regulations, custom and practice vary widely on the use of patient shielding in Europe and it is hoped that these recommendations will inform a change management program that will benefit patients and staff.  相似文献   
3.
Breastfeeding offers one of the most fundamental global health benefits for babies. Breastmilk is lifesaving, providing not only nutrition but immunologic benefits and as such is strongly supported by the World Health Organization and leading healthcare associations worldwide. When the COVID-19 pandemic started in 2020, the impact of the restrictions to prevent the spread of the disease created challenges and questions about provision of safe, quality care, including breastfeeding practices, in a new ‘normal’ environment. Mothers were temporarily separated from their babies where infection was present or suspected, parents were prevented from being present on neonatal units and vital breastfeeding support was prevented. This discussion paper provides an overview of essential areas of knowledge related to practice for neonatal nurses and midwives who care for breastfeeding mothers and babies, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the latest global guidance. Three areas will be discussed; the protective benefits of breastfeeding, keeping breastfeeding mothers and babies together and supporting mothers to breastfeed their babies. Finally, care recommendations are presented to serve as a summary of key points for application to practice for neonatal nurses and midwives.  相似文献   
4.
目的:探讨红景天苷对热射病大鼠心功能损害机制。方法:选取无特定病原体(SPF)级雄性大鼠40只构建热射病模型,依据干预方式差异分作4组,10只常规干预作对照组,红景天苷干预作低剂量、中剂量、高剂量组,每组10只(4、8、32 mg/kg)比较4组大鼠心功能损害状况。结果:红景天苷剂量越大,大鼠心肌细胞膜电位、呼吸控制率与细胞膜通透性越高、大鼠心肌氧自由基越低(P<0.05);红景天苷组丙二醛(MDA)较对照组低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)较对照组高,且红景天苷剂量越高,MDA越低、SOD越高(P<0.05);对照组大鼠心肌细胞显著肿胀,随着红景天苷剂量的增加,大鼠心肌细胞线粒体损伤减轻;红景天苷组锰超氧化物歧化酶mRNA(MnSOD mRNA)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体辅助激活因子-1α(PGC-1α)、均较对照组高,且红景天苷剂量越高,PGC-1α、MnSOD mRNA越高(P<0.05)。结论:红景天苷在热射病大鼠干预中,有助于降低其心功能损伤程度,对心功能改善和呼吸控制率提升均具有重要意义。且剂量越高,效果越明显,其机制可能为上调PGC-1α、MnSOD mRNA表达有关。  相似文献   
5.
《Vaccine》2021,39(29):3862-3870
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, continues to be a prominent biological warfare and bioterrorism threat. Vaccination is likely to remain the most effective and user-friendly public health measure to counter this threat in the foreseeable future. The commercially available AVA BioThrax vaccine has a number of shortcomings where improvement would lead to a more practical and effective vaccine for use in the case of an exposure event. Identification of more effective adjuvants and novel delivery platforms is necessary to improve not only the effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine, but also enhance its shelf stability and ease-of-use. Polyanhydride particles have proven to be an effective platform at adjuvanting the vaccine-associated adaptive immune response as well as enhancing stability of encapsulated antigens. Another class of adjuvants, the STING pathway-targeting cyclic dinucleotides, have proven to be uniquely effective at inducing a beneficial inflammatory response that leads to the rapid induction of high titer antibodies post-vaccination capable of providing protection against bacterial pathogens. In this work, we evaluate the individual contributions of cyclic di-GMP (CDG), polyanhydride nanoparticles, and a combination thereof towards inducing neutralizing antibody (nAb) against the secreted protective antigen (PA) from B. anthracis. Our results show that the combination nanovaccine elicited rapid, high titer, and neutralizing IgG anti-PA antibody following single dose immunization that persisted for at least 108 DPI.  相似文献   
6.
7.
赵爱华  王国治  徐苗 《中国防痨杂志》2019,41(11):1149-1154
结核病的免疫学预防、治疗与诊断是控制结核病的最重要措施之一。作者总结了我国结核病免疫学生物制品的发展进程、研究现状及未来的发展方向,同时展望了在已构建的结核病免疫预防体系框架下,有机运用各种生物制品,降低我国结核感染率、发病率,改变我国结核病高负担现状的可能性。  相似文献   
8.
ObjectiveIn response to COVID-19, we conducted a rapid review of risk communication interventions to mitigate risk from viruses to determine if such interventions are efficacious.MethodsWe searched for risk communication interventions in four databases: Medline, PsycInfo, the ProQuest Coronavirus Research Database, and CENTRAL. The search produced 1572 articles. Thirty-one articles were included in the final review.ResultsResults showed risk communication interventions can produce cognitive and behavior changes around viruses. Results were more consistently positive for interventions focused on HIV/AIDS as compared to influenza. There was no consistent best intervention approach when comparing peer health, audio/visual, and intensive multi-media interventions. Tailoring risk communication toward a target population, in comparison to not tailoring, was related to better outcomes.ConclusionThe results suggest that risk communication interventions can be efficacious at reducing risk from viruses. They also highlight the complexity of risk communication interventions. Additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms that lead risk communication to reduce risk from viruses.Practical valueResults support risk communication interventions to reduce risk from viruses.  相似文献   
9.
RTS, S/AS01疟疾疫苗获得WHO批准大规模应用是人类抗击寄生虫感染史上的一个里程碑,然而 RTS, S/AS01 疫苗并非完美。本文从免疫学角度探讨了RTS, S/AS01疟疾疫苗存在的不足以及下一代疟疾疫苗研发可能面临的挑战。  相似文献   
10.
背景 医疗器械相关性皮肤损伤主要发生于危重患者和矫形患者,一直是全球住院患者安全管理和专科护理的研究热点,但尚缺乏关于医护人员的报道。本次新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控期间,大量医护人员奋战在抗击疫情第一线,长时间穿戴防护装备容易引起皮肤损伤,严重危害了医护人员的健康,也增加了其被感染的风险,如何保护医护人员免受伤害成为亟待解决的问题。目的 探讨新型冠状病毒感染疫情防控期间防护装备所致医护人员皮肤损伤的发生率及流行特征,为制定有效的防护对策提供依据。方法 由本课题组研制调研问卷,主要内容包括医护人员的基本情况、防护装备佩戴情况、皮肤损伤情况、针对皮肤损伤的防护措施及损伤后处理情况。问卷通过“问卷星”网站发布,于2020-02-08至2020-02-15通过微信向抗击疫情一线的医护人员进行推送,采用自愿参与、手机“问卷星”在线填写的方法完成调研。1周内完成调研数据收集,建立数据库,并对医护人员的皮肤损伤发生率、损伤类型及流行特征进行统计分析。结果 共回收有效问卷2 901份,来源于我国19个省、3个自治区、4个直辖市的145家医院。其中,男214例(7.38%)、女2 687例(92.62%),医生147例(5.07%)、护士2 754例(94.93%)。825例(28.44%)医护人员因佩戴防护装备发生皮肤损伤,合计皮肤损伤数量为2 794处。主要皮肤损伤类型为压力性损伤〔771例(26.58%),人均2.53处〕、潮湿相关性皮肤损伤〔256例(8.83%),人均2.77处〕、皮肤撕裂伤〔42例(1.45%),人均3.12处〕。在发生皮肤损伤的825例医护人员中,存在≥2类皮肤损伤者221例(26.79%)。单因素分析显示:对于防护装备所致皮肤损伤发生率,男性高于女性(P<0.05),31~45岁者高于≤30岁者(P<0.016 7),工龄>10年者高于工龄<5年者(P<0.016 7),医生高于护士(P<0.05),武汉防疫定点医院高于其他医院(P<0.003 3)、其他医院中传染科高于其他科室(P<0.003 3),三级防护高于二级防护、二级防护高于一级防护(P<0.016 7),而不同连续佩戴时间医护人员皮肤损伤发生率间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 抗疫防护装备所致医护人员皮肤损伤的发生率较高,并有多种类型、多个部位损伤并存现象,建议采取减压、减轻摩擦力、吸湿、护肤的综合预防措施减少医护人员皮肤损伤,同时关注性别、年龄、工作岗位等人力资源管理因素。  相似文献   
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