丙泊酚和七氟烷对小儿骨科手术苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察丙泊酚和七氟烷在神经阻滞复合喉罩全身麻醉的小儿骨科手术中，对小儿术后苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 选择本院小儿骨科手术患儿80例，随机分成丙泊酚组和七氟烷组。患儿采用改良耶鲁术前焦虑量表（the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, m-YPAS）评估后入手术室，常规静脉诱导后置入喉罩机械通气，采用不同的麻醉药物进行维持，随后局麻下行超声引导神经阻滞。所有患儿在恢复自主呼吸后氧饱和度均维持在95%以上，拔除喉罩送至苏醒室。观察比较两组患儿苏醒时的拔管时间、小儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表（pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale, PAED）评分及儿童疼痛行为量表（The face, legs, activity, cry, consolability behavioral tool, FLACC）评分和Richmond躁动-镇静量表（Richmond agitation and sedation scale, RASS）评分。结果 丙泊酚组和七氟烷组患儿的m-YPAS评分分别为（26.94±11.07）分、（26.10±8.22）分，差异无统计学意义（P=0.699）。丙泊酚组拔管时间明显长于七氟烷组［（9.95±5.27） min vs. （5.30±2.94） min］，急性躁动PAED评分明显低于七氟烷组［（7.15±2.30）分 vs. （9.50±2.44）分］，苏醒期躁动发生率明显低于七氟烷组（5% vs. 15%），上述指标比较，差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.001）。躁动患儿的FLACC评分为3~8分，RASS评分为-3~-2分，处于轻度至中度镇静状态。结论 小儿骨科手术神经阻滞复合喉罩全身麻醉术后苏醒躁动仍有发生；丙泊酚维持麻醉术后躁动发生率较七氟烷低，患儿舒适安全，值得临床推广。     

胸腰筋膜间平面阻滞对后路腰椎融合术后镇痛效果的影响

目的 探讨超声引导下胸腰筋膜间平面（thoracolumbar interfascial plane, TLIP）阻滞对后路腰椎融合手术病人术后镇痛效果的影响。方法 前瞻性选择2017年4月至2018年5月在我院择期行后路腰椎融合手术病人50例。采用随机数字表法分为两组，每组25例，TLIP阻滞联合静脉自控镇痛（patient controlled intravenous analgesia, PCIA）组（TLIP组）和单纯PCIA组（对照组）。TLIP组，男12例，女13例，年龄为（49.4±7.7）岁；对照组，男10例，女15例，年龄为（49.5±7.1）岁。TLIP组在全麻诱导后行超声引导下双侧TLIP阻滞，每侧注入0.375%罗哌卡因20 ml。两组术后均使用舒芬太尼行PCIA，维持术后24 h内静息疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分≤3分。记录两组病人围手术期阿片类药物用量及补救镇痛例数，术后2、4、6、12、24 h的静息VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分，术后24 h 内恶心呕吐、头晕、瘙痒和呼吸抑制的发生情况以及TLIP组阻滞相关并发症的发生情况。结果 与对照组比较，TLIP组术中瑞芬太尼用量及术后24 h内PCIA舒芬太尼用量明显减少（P＜0.05），术后恶心呕吐发生率明显降低（P＜0.05），两组均未行补救镇痛。两组间各时间点静息VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分，以及术后头晕、瘙痒和呼吸抑制等发生率的差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05），TLIP组未发生阻滞相关并发症。结论 超声引导下TLIP阻滞可减少后路腰椎融合术病人围术期阿片类药物用量，降低术后恶心呕吐的发生率。     

A prospective study of high resolution ultrasound in brachial plexopathies – Correlation with electrophysiological measurements

ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic role of ultrasound in brachial plexopathies.MethodsWe included 59 healthy subjects (HS) and 42 patients consecutively referred with clinical suspicion of brachial plexopathy from October 2015 to May 2016. Patients underwent routine electrodiagnostic testing (EDx) as reference standard and a blinded standardised ultrasound examination of the brachial plexus as index test with cross-sectional area (CSA) as the ultrasound parameter of choice.ResultsSeventeen patients were diagnosed by EDx with brachial plexopathy, ten with mononeuropathies, and ten had normal EDx. Five had a cervical radiculopathy. In 11 (64%) out of the 17 patients with EDx diagnosed plexopathy, we found at least one abnormal level on ultrasound. Six (60%) out of ten normal EDx patients had a normal ultrasound examination at all levels. Ultrasound identified the same abnormal level(s) as EDx in eight (73%) of the 11 patients who had both abnormal EDx and ultrasound results. Mean CSA was higher in the plexopathy group compared to HS at the level of the C6 root (p = .022), the middle trunk (p = .027), and the medial cord (p = .003).ConclusionUltrasound examination showed abnormalities in patients with brachial plexopathies in good agreement with EDx.SignificanceUltrasound may be an important supplement to electrodiagnostics in evaluating brachial plexopathies.     

琥珀酰胆碱与罗库溴铵用于麻醉诱导对甲状腺手术患者术中喉返神经监测的影响[论著]

目的　比较常规剂量琥珀酰胆碱与小剂量罗库溴铵用于麻醉诱导对甲状腺手术患者术中喉返神经监测的影响。方法　选取2019年4月至2019年7月本院120例同一外科医师团队甲状腺手术喉返神经监测患者，随机分为A组：麻醉诱导肌松药物为琥珀胆碱1.5 mg/kg；B组：麻醉诱导肌松药物为罗库溴铵0.3 mg/kg。麻醉医师待肌松监测显示到最大抑制后，通过气管插管条件评分评估两组患者气管插管条件。记录各组插管时间、等待时间；迷走神经和喉返神经电信号基础值；以及术中血压波动、术后咽痛、声音嘶哑、低氧血症、苏醒延迟等并发症。外科医师通过神经肌电监测仪进行喉返神经刺激评估两组患者喉返神经监测情况。结果　A组患者气管插管条件优于B组，A组插管时间、肌松监测时间小于B组，两组手术监测时间差异无统计学意义。A组首次神经监测信号值大于B组，A组首次监测例数多于B组，两组患者术中无体动，血压下降差异无统计学意义。麻醉术后并发症，A组咽痛少于B组，A组有少量患者发生肌痛，差异无统计学意义。结论　1.5 mg/kg琥珀酰胆碱用于甲状腺手术患者的麻醉诱导，可以提供较好的插管条件，不影响外科医师术中行喉返神经监测，同时减少患者术后咽痛的发生。     

Techniques and complications of popliteal nerve blocks

BackgroundUse of popliteal nerve blocks (PNBs) as an alternative or adjunctive therapy to traditional methods of pain control (e.g., systemic or spinal anesthesia and opioids) is increasingly popular in foot and ankle surgery.MethodsWe reviewed online databases for literature on PNBs in foot and ankle surgery to analyze the various techniques and positioning used, the influence of drugs on their efficacy, and possible complications associated with their use. Thirty articles were identified with a predefined search criteria, followed by a review process for relevance.ResultsPatient demographics, procedure specifics, and block techniques, such as anesthetic used, can impact the duration and success of a PNB. Administration with ultrasound guidance proved superior to nerve stimulation, and preoperative administration was superior to postoperative administration.ConclusionsPNBs are an effective method to control postoperative pain with minimal complications, leading to decreased analgesic use, earlier discharge, and higher patient satisfaction.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective comparative study