对Hazelton等提出的云锡矿工肺癌主要危险来自砷的商榷

Using two-stage clonal expansion model with data-base provided by Lubin, WD Hazehon et al indicated the high risk of arsenic, but not radon, in the etiology of Yunnan tin miner' s lung cancer. The author of this review iterated the problems in the data-base of Lubin,and considered that it may result in low estimate for the risk of radon in paper of Hazehon et al. Attributable risk was estimated by them with changing exposure patterns of each individual, but the efficacy of this two-stage model will be violated by the invariability of appointed radon/arsenic exposures. Risk comparison was used to distinguish the contribution from radon/arsenic, which was hampered by the high correlation between their joint exposures. As Lubin, Hazehon et al neglected the confounding from environmental arsenic pollution in early years. From all of above, their viewpoint is worth to be deliberated.     

佛山市城区室内装修污染特征初探

目的 为了解佛山市室内装修空气污染状况，通过对佛山市室内装修污染物进行调查，掌握室内装修污染的一些基本特征并提出控制措施。方法 根据卫生部《室内空气质量卫生规范》以及《室内空气污染物的检验方法》方案，调查采用了问卷调查和现场检测的方法。结果 佛山市室内装修空气污染物主要为甲醛，苯，总挥发性有机物(TVOC)，超标率分别为86％，36％，23％。结论 目前佛山市城区室内装修污染物的特征为：有机污染较无机污染严重，室内甲醛污染严重，苯次之而氢污染相对较轻，室内空气苯污染车辆、居室高于办公室，甲醛污染居室，办公室高于车辆。     

教室空气中微生物和CO_2的形成、分布及其相互关系的研究

对初中学生鼻咽部溶血性链球菌（ＨＳ）和教室空气中微生物和ＣＯ２调查得出：学生鼻咽部携带ＨＳ除坐前右位外，其他各处皆有检出（４／５０）；空气中ＨＳ从早读开始后迅速上升２８．７倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），至第二节课下课前达全日最高峰（６５．５倍），细菌总数（ＢＴ）和ＣＯ２的时间分布亦呈现与ＨＳ相似的特征（ｒ＝０．７４３和０．８２０Ｐ＜０．０１），但其峰度不及ＨＳ突出；ＨＳ及ＢＴ的最低值在教室前右方，最高值在后右及中央（Ｐ＜０．０１）。而ＣＯ２最高浓度在教室垂直高度的２．０ｍ处。表明：室内空气中微生物和ＣＯ２的形成和分布主要受到学生鼻咽部携带ＨＳ能力及呼吸与学习活动的影响，当然与空气自身的紊流和层流、冷空气从门缝侵入及污染物的性状也有关。     

A method for reducing background tracks in plastic detectors

The purpose of the present study was to reduce background tracks by removing a given surface layer of the 250 μm thick lexan polycarbonate foils before exposure to alpha particles. Ethylenediamine solution was used for taking layers from the surface of the foils.     

Pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis): newly identified important inhalant allergens in bronchial asthma

The nonstinging house ant, Monomorium pharaonis (pharaoh ant), was recently identified as a cause of respiratory allergy. This study was performed to evaluate the extent of sensitization to pharaoh ant, and its clinical significance in asthmatic patients. We carried out skin prick tests in 318 patients with asthma. Specific IgE (sIgE) to pharaoh ant was measured by ELISA, and cross-reactivity was evaluated by ELISA inhibition tests. Bronchial provocation testing was performed using pharaoh ant extracts. Fifty-eight (18.2%) of 318 patients showed positive skin responses to pharaoh ant, and 25 (7.9%) had an isolated response to pharaoh ant. Positive skin responses to pharaoh ant were significantly higher among patients with non-atopic asthma than among those with atopic asthma (26.0% vs. 14.9%, p<0.05). There was significant correlation between sIgE level and skin responses to pharaoh ant (rho=0.552, p<0.001). The ELISA inhibition tests indicated that pharaoh ant allergens had various pattern of cross-reactivity to house dust mites and cockroaches. Bronchial provocation tests to pharaoh ant were conducted for 9 patients, and eight showed typical asthmatic reactions. In conclusion, pharaoh ant is an important source of aeroallergens, and it should be included in the skin test battery for screening the causative allergens in patients with asthma.     

江西省某典型非铀矿山高氡暴露矿工健康效应现状调查

目的 了解江西省某典型非铀矿山高氡暴露矿工的健康效应现状。方法 采用普查的方法,对≥40岁井下一线工人进行基本情况、氡知晓率的调查,并开展井下一线矿工职业健康检查和肺部低剂量 CT 筛查。结果 井下一线矿工对氡的知晓率仅为3.70%,外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸变分析发现100个细胞畸变率为0%、外周血淋巴细胞微核试验的异常率为0.02‰,眼科检查（晶体裂隙灯检查、玻璃体、眼底）均未见异常,白细胞数异常率为3.70%,肺部小结节检出率为48.15%。结论 高氡暴露井下一线矿工肺部小结节检出率较高,矿工对氡缺乏认知,亟需加强矿工关于氡的危害宣传教育及井下一线矿工的职业病预防控制。     

Exposición al radón y cáncer genitourinario en mineros

ObjectiveTo assess the association between exposure to radon and genitourinary cancer in a mining population through a systematic review of the scientific literature.MethodA systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out in MEDLINE (PubMed), combining MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms and free terms. We applied a specific scale to assess the quality of the included studies.ResultsWe included 17 studies; all were cohort studies with the exception of one which was a pooling of data. All studies included analysed the relationship between exposure to radon and genitourinary cancer. While some studies point towards an association between radon exposure and genitourinary cancer, especially kidney cancer, others do not find such association.ConclusionsThe included studies showed great heterogeneity. It cannot be concluded that there is an association between exposure to radon and genitourinary cancer. More research is needed on this topic, designing studies with higher statistical power, better control of confounders, and preferably prospective.     

北京市一些高级办公大楼室内空气质量问题探讨

我们调查了北京一些高档的空调建筑,包括商业和政府机构办公大楼,测试了主要的室内污染和室内气象参数,如温度、湿度、风速等。测试结果指出,在这些建筑中存在着严重的室内空气质量问题。而且,引起不良室内空气质量的原因不是单一的而是多方面的。因此如何提高室内空气质量,为人们提供健康而舒适的室内环境,是空调设计者的迫切任务。     

Inflammation markers in nasal lavage, and nasal symptoms in relation to relocation to a newly painted building: a longitudinal study

Introduction: There is a need to evaluate possible health effects of ventilation improvements and emissions from new buildings, in longitudinal studies. New methods to study biological effects on the eyes and upper airways are now available. Material and methods: A longitudinal study was performed on 83 trained social workers in two offices in Uppsala, Sweden. The exposed group (n= 57) moved to a newly redecorated building nearby. Low emitting building material had been used, including a new type of solvent-free water-based paint. The control group (n= 26) worked in the same office during the study period (November 1995 to February 1996). Hygiene management was carried out in both offices, at the beginning and the end of the investigation. Tear film stability (BUT) was measured. Nasal patency was measured by acoustic rhinometry, and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), lysozyme and albumin were analyzed in nasal lavage fluid (NAL). Results: The relocation resulted in an increase in the personal outdoor airflow rate from 11 to 22 l/s. Indoor concentrations of terpenes were higher in the new building, and powdering of the new linoleum floor was observed. Measurements showed low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde, carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen dioxide, respirable dust, and microorganisms in the air of all buildings. The move resulted in an increased nasal patency and an increase of ECP and lysozyme in NAL, after adjusting for changes in the control group. No changes were observed for nasal or ocular symptoms. A seasonal effect, with a decrease of ECP, was observed in the control group. Conclusion: A well-ventilated office building can be redecorated without any major ocular or nasal effects, or measurable increase of indoor air pollution if low-emitting building materials are selected. In agreement with previous evidence, the improved ventilation flow may explain the increase of nasal patency. The increase of ECP and lysozyme in NAL suggested an inflammatory effect in the new building. Since this building had increased ventilation flow, increased concentrations of terpenes, and powdering from the polish on the new linoleum floor, identification of causative agents was difficult. The hygiene measures did not give any evidence that emissions from the new type of solvent-free water-based paints or building dampness were responsible for the observed nasal effects. Considering the higher emissions of VOC reported from older types of water-based latex paints and solvent-based wall paints, the new type of solvent-free water-based paint seems to be a good choice from the hygiene point of view. Received: 21 December 1998 / Accepted: 20 June 1999     

An indoor bio-contaminants air quality

Both the quantity and quality of microorganisms (mold, actinomycetes and bacteria) were investigated in the air of five clean rooms indoors, outdoor air sampling was a routine work of the present study. Total viable bacterial counts were recorded in a mean value of 103 cfu/m3, whereas mold counts ranged between 102-103 cfu/m3. The highest mold counts were recorded at some places investigated such as research laboratories and a library. Moreover, the types, percentages and frequencies of occurance of viable mold were studied. Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus were the predominant mold genera. These organisms are aeroallergens. Actinomycetes were detected in low numbers compared with other organisms (range between 0-102 cfu/m3). Yellow, grey and white colour series were dominant streptomycetes. The mold and streptomycetes spore sizes were measured microscopically. The sizes of major mold spores ranged between 2.5-10 mum, whereas that of streptomycetes spores ranged between 1.2-2.5 mum. The particles < 5 mum in sizes are likely to reach the alveoli which may elicit potential risk for exposed residents. However, a low number of air microorganisms does not mean a clean and healthy environment.