Superiority of non-opioid postoperative pain management after thyroid and parathyroid operations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThis meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the body of evidence investigating the post-operative use of non-opioid analgesic drugs and techniques in endocrine neck surgeries. Adequate pain control is crucial for successful recovery after thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Effective postoperative pain control can shorten hospital stay, improve postoperative outcomes, decrease morbidity and improve the overall patient experience. Traditionally, opioids have been the mainstay of postoperative analgesia after thyroid and parathyroid surgeries. However, the use of opioids has been linked to an increased incidence of postoperative complications.MethodsA comprehensive systematic literature review via Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials from inception until December 26th, 2020 was conducted, followed by meta-analysis. Abstract and full-text screening, data extraction and quality assessment were independently conducted by 2 investigators. Odds ratios (OR), mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using RevMan 5.3.ResultsSixty-five randomized control trials were identified from 486 unique publications. Pooled MD and 95% confidence interval for pain scores were higher for the control group at 24 h postoperatively both at rest (−0.65 [-0.92, −0.37]) and with swallowing (−0.77 [-1.37, −0.16]). These differences were statistically significant. The pooled MD and confidence interval for postoperative analgesic requirements was lower in the intervention group (−1.38 [-1.86, −0.90]). The incidence of PONV had a pooled OR of 0.67 [0.48, 0.94].ConclusionNon-opioid analgesia was superior to the control group for pain control in patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid operations with no significant difference in complications.     

不同硬膜外镇痛模式对肥胖产妇镇痛效果和分娩方式的影响

目的比较两种硬膜外镇痛模式对肥胖产妇镇痛效果和分娩方式的影响。方法回顾性分析2013—2016年本院肥胖产妇586例,年龄21～43岁,BMI 30～41 kg/m~2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,按照镇痛模式分为两组,每组105例:连续硬膜外输注组(CEI组)和间歇脉冲硬膜外输注组(IEB组)。两组均事先配置硬膜外注射混合液0.08%罗哌卡因+0.45μg/ml舒芬太尼200 ml。CEI组:背景剂量6 ml/h,PCEA剂量6 ml,注药速率为60 ml/h,锁定时间30 min;IEB组:脉冲频率每小时1次,剂量6 ml,注药速率400 ml/h,PCEA剂量6 ml,锁定时间30 min。应用SPSS 22.0中倾向性评分匹配(PSM)模块,采用1∶1最近邻匹配法、设定卡钳值为0.01进行倾向性匹配分析。记录镇痛前、镇痛后10、30 min和宫口开全时NRS评分;记录产程时间、分娩方式;记录镇痛药物总量、PCEA追加次数、PCEA有效次数和新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分;记录镇痛期间不良反应的发生情况。结果宫口开全时IEB组NRS评分明显低于CEI组[(3.8±0.7)分vs (4.2±0.7)分,P0.05]。IEB组三个产程时间明显长于CEI组(P0.05),PCEA追加次数及PCEA有效次数明显少于CEI组(P0.05)。两组分娩方式、镇痛药物总量、新生儿Apgar评分和不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论 IEB模式为肥胖产妇提供良好的镇痛效果,不影响分娩方式,可安全有效地用于肥胖产妇联合PCEA进行分娩镇痛。     

Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL): Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and pediatric ENT infections. Short version

ObjectivesTo present the guidelines of the French Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery concerning the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in pediatric ENT infections.MethodsBased on a critical analysis of the medical literature up to November 2016, a multidisciplinary workgroup of 11 practitioners wrote clinical practice guidelines. Levels of evidence were classified according to the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system: GRADE A, B, C or “expert opinion”. The first version of the text was reworked by the workgroup following comments by the 22 members of the reading group.ResultsThe main recommendations are: NSAIDs are indicated at analgesic doses (e.g. 20–30 mg/kg/day for ibuprofen) in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in uncomplicated pediatric ENT infections (acute otitis media, tonsillitis, upper respiratory infections, and maxillary sinusitis) if: o pain is of medium intensity (visual analogue scale (VAS) score 3–5 or “Evaluation Enfant Douleur” (EVENDOL) child pain score 4–7) and insufficiently relieved by first-line paracetamol (residual VAS ≥ 3 or EVENDOL ≥ 4); o pain is moderate to intense (VAS 5–7 or EVENDOL 7–10). When combined, paracetamol and ibuprofen are ideally taken simultaneously every 6 h. It is recommended: (1) o not to prescribe NSAIDs in severe or complicated pediatric ENT infections; (2) o to suspend NSAIDs treatment in case of unusual clinical presentation of the infection (duration or symptoms); (3) o not to prescribe NSAIDs for more than 72 h.     

不同麻醉方法人工流产镇痛效果比较

目的探讨联合用药用于人工流产镇痛效果。方法实验1组静脉缓慢推注丙泊酚2mg／kg，2％利多卡因5mL加阿托品1mg，配制混合药液6mL在暴露宫颈后将麻醉剂分点注射到宫颈周围。实验2组静脉缓慢推注丙泊酚2mg／kg。对照组静脉推注生理盐水5mL。所获数据采用）C。和t检验。结果实验l、2组显效率为100％，与对照组比较P〈0．01；实验1组宫颈完全松弛和较松弛达74．2％，实验2组为46．7％，两组比较有差异非常显著性（P〈0．01）。对照组为45．8％，实验2组与对照组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。术中轻度呼吸抑制发生率、明显呼吸抑制发生率，实验2组显著高于实验1组（P〈0．05）。结论丙泊酚联合利多卡因、阿托品用于无痛人工流产，具有镇痛效果好、宫颈内口扩张充分、手术时间短、用药量小、费用低并可减少呼吸抑制及人工流产综合征的发生率，是安全有效的镇痛方法。     

不同镇静药对口腔颌面外科术后留置气管导管患者的镇静作用

目的: 探讨不同镇静药对口腔颌面外科术后留置经鼻腔气管导管患者的镇静作用及其可能的不良反应。方法: 将60例口腔颌面外科术后留置经鼻腔气管导管患者按随机数字表法为3组,每组20例。患者入ICU后,各组患者均采用氢吗啡酮镇痛,分别采用咪达唑仑、丙泊酚和右美托咪定镇静,分别记录入ICU镇静前(T₀)和镇静开始后30 min(T₁)、1 h(T₂)、2 h(T₃)、6 h(T₄)、12 h(T₅)和拔管后10 min(T₆)各时间点Ramsay镇静评分和BPS镇痛评分以及生命体征;记录各组患者不良反应发生率。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 咪达唑仑、右美托咪定和丙泊酚Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在T₃、T₄、T₅时,右美托咪定组BPS评分均显著低于咪达唑仑组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05)。3组患者低血压发生率差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);心动过缓发生率右美托咪定组显著高于与丙泊酚和咪达唑仑组(P<0.05);右美托咪定组和丙泊酚组患者并发躁动的人数显著低于咪达唑仑组(P<0.05)。结论: 右美托咪定和咪达唑仑、丙泊酚均能满足ICU患者的镇静需要,且右美托咪定具有一定的镇痛作用,可减少ICU患者躁动发生率。     

超声引导下收肌管联合IPACK阻滞用于全膝关节置换术中的临床效果

目的 探讨在全膝关节置换术（TKA）应用超声引导下收肌管联合腘动脉与膝关节后囊间隙（IPACK）阻滞的镇痛效果。方法 选取2017年1月至2020年4月在安徽医科大学第三附属医院（合肥市第一人民医院）择期行TKA的患者80例（年龄54~85岁）为研究对象,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法,分为单纯收肌管阻滞组（S组）与收肌管联合IPACK阻滞组（I组）,每组40例。两组患者都在气管内全麻或喉罩全麻下完成手术,术后给予自控静脉镇痛。分别记录手术后4（T₁）、8（T₂）、12（T₃）、24（T₄）和48小时（T₅）各个时间点的静息和运动态的疼痛数字（NRS）评分;NRS评分>4分则给予补救镇痛;记录补救镇痛患者的比例和患者首次下床时间及术后关节活动度与舒适度评分,记录镇痛泵有效按压次数和不良反应情况。结果 与S组比较,I组患者在T₁~T₃时点的静息态和运动态NRS评分均较低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。与S组比较,I组患者在T₁~T₃时点的膝关节活动度增大,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;I组患者在T₁~T₅舒适度提高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与S组比较,I组患者手术后首次下床时间较早,术后需要补救镇痛的比例降低,术后48 h以内镇痛泵按压次数减少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者术后恶心、呕吐、谵妄等不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 在TKA应用超声引导下收肌管联合IPACK阻滞的镇痛效果明显优于单纯收肌管阻滞。     

Continuous paravertebral block for pain relief in unilateral multiple rib fracture: A case series

Rib fracture secondary to blunt chest trauma is an indicator of the severity of injury. It is one of the factors associated with morbidity and mortality in blunt chest trauma. Current management of such patients stresses on provision of adequate analgesia and early institution of aggressive physiotherapy. The current study evaluates the analgesic efficacy of continuous thoracic paravertebral infusion of Bupivacaine in unilateral multiple rib fracture (MRF).

Study design

Retrospective, non-randomized case series of 11 patients with unilateral MRF.

Method

Thoracic paravertebral (TPV) space on the side of fractured ribs was catheterized with an epidural catheter. TPV block was initiated with 0.3 ml/kg body weight of 0.25% Bupivacaine with adrenaline. The block was maintained with a continuous infusion of 0.2% Bupivacaine 30 min later, at 0.1–0.2 ml/(kg/h) for a total of 4 days or for the length of admission, which ever was earlier.

Patients were monitored for pain scores at rest and when asked to cough and vital capacity manoeuvre, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, oxygen index (PaO₂/FiO₂) and percentage change in incentive spirometry.

There were significant improvements in pain scores at rest (p = 0.0097), on cough (p = 0.0039) and vital capacity manoeuvre (p = 0.0078). Other respiratory parameters like respiratory rate, PaO₂ and oxygen index showed persistent improvement from baseline. None of the patients had any complications or side effect related to procedure and technique.

Conclusion

Our study confirms that continuous TPV block is a safe and effective technique for analgesia in patients with unilateral MRF.     

Utilization of analgesics, sedatives, and pain scores in infants with a prolonged hospitalization: A prospective descriptive cohort study

Aim

Describe the utilization of analgesic and sedative medications and documentation of pain scores in a cohort of critically ill infants in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Method

A prospective, longitudinal, cohort study of infants with a predicted length of stay ≥28 days. Dosages and routes of administration of analgesic and sedative medications and documentation of pain scores were collected on a daily basis.

Results

55 infants were enrolled into the study. Oral sucrose was administered to all 55 infants, 51 infants (93%) were administered enteral acetaminophen and 50 (91%) infants were administered morphine during their hospitalization. Sedatives were administered to 42 infants (76%); 36 (65%) were administered chloral hydrate and 32 (58%) were administered intravenous midazolam. With the exception of the first week of admission, when there was highest utilization of opioids and lower use of sucrose, acetaminophen and sedatives, the pattern of administration of analgesic and sedative agents remained relatively constant throughout the hospitalization. Pain scores were documented for 36 (65%) infants during their hospitalisation, however for these 36 infants, pain scores were infrequently recorded.

Conclusion

There was substantial and varied analgesic and sedative use in this cohort of infants, yet infrequent documentation of pain assessment scores. These practices highlight important clinical implications for sick infants requiring careful consideration of pain and distress management.     

膜叶槌果藤水提物镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究

目的：研究膜叶槌果藤水提物镇痛抗炎作用。方法：小鼠分别连续灌胃给予膜叶槌果藤水提物高、中、低剂量（10.88,5.44,2.72 g/kg）7 d,采用扭体法、福尔马林致痛模型、二甲苯致耳肿胀模型及腹腔毛细血管通透性实验,观察其镇痛抗炎作用。结果：膜叶槌果藤水提物可显著抑制冰醋酸引起的小鼠扭体反应次数（P＜0.01）;对福尔马林致小鼠疼痛舔足第Ⅰ,Ⅱ时相累积时间均有显著减少（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;对冰醋酸引起的毛细血管通透性也有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）。结论：膜叶槌果藤水提物具有显著的镇痛抗炎作用。