Cross-Jurisdiction Comparative Research in Work Disability Prevention: Introduction to the Special Series

Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation - The systems that societies construct to support work disability prevention can have powerful effects on both the experiences of people with work disability...     

西安地区中青年与老年急性轻型脑梗死患者的临床特征及1年预后分析

目的探讨西安地区中青年与老年急性轻型脑梗死(AMCI)患者的临床特征及1年预后情况。方法收集西安地区4所三级甲等医院AMCI患者的临床资料,按照年龄的不同分为老年组(≥65岁)和中青年组(18～65岁),比较2组患者的临床资料。记录随访1年的结局事件,采用单因素和多因素回归分析评估2组AMCI患者的1年预后情况。结果本研究最终纳入AMCI患者933例,其中老年组444例,中青年组489例。中青年组与老年组患者在年龄、性别、文化程度、吸烟、饮酒、体质量指数、既往脑卒中史、合并肺炎、高血压、心房颤动、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮等方面比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05或P 0.01)。校正相关混杂因素后,多因素回归分析显示,与中青年组相比,老年组AMCI患者1年残障风险显著升高(HR=3.39,95%CI为1.91～6.03,P 0.001)。结论西安地区中青年与老年AMCI患者的临床特征存在较大差异,临床医师需重点关注老年人群AMCI,针对性地开展有效的预防和治疗措施,改善AMCI患者的预后。     

全腹腔镜、腹腔镜辅助与开腹胃癌根治术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ期胃癌的疗效对比

目的探讨全腹腔镜胃癌根治术（TLG）、腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术（LAG）与传统开腹术（TOS）对Ⅱ、Ⅲ期胃癌的近期及远期疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年6月陕西中医药大学附属医院行胃癌根治术的患者共136例，根据患者手术方式的不同分为TLG组（45例），LAG组（40例），TOS组（51例）。观察和比较3组患者手术时间、出血量、淋巴结清扫数、术后排气时间、住院时间、术后并发症发生情况，采用Kaplan-Meier法对患者术后5年远期疗效进行生存分析。 结果TLG组患者出血量、排气时间及住院时间低于TOS组及LAG组，LAG组患者手术时间高于TLG组及TOS组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；3组患者术后并发症发生率比较，差异无统计学意义。共129例获得随访，其中TLG组失访2例，LAG组2例，TOS组3例。TLG、LAG、TOS组平均无瘤生存时间为（53.4±2.1）个月（95%CI=50.45~58.22个月）、（54.3±2.0）个月（95%CI= 47.99~56.18个月）、（52.3±2.1）个月（95%CI=50.98~55.65个月），3组患者无瘤生存时间比较，差异无统计学意义（F=0.519，P=0.772）。 结论TLG术能够在保证患者术后疗效的同时，降低患者术中出血量、排气时间及术后住院时间，TLG术治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ期胃癌安全可行，疗效显著，值得推广。     

Artificial Intelligence and Black‐Box Medical Decisions: Accuracy versus Explainability

Although decision‐making algorithms are not new to medicine, the availability of vast stores of medical data, gains in computing power, and breakthroughs in machine learning are accelerating the pace of their development, expanding the range of questions they can address, and increasing their predictive power. In many cases, however, the most powerful machine learning techniques purchase diagnostic or predictive accuracy at the expense of our ability to access “the knowledge within the machine.” Without an explanation in terms of reasons or a rationale for particular decisions in individual cases, some commentators regard ceding medical decision‐making to black box systems as contravening the profound moral responsibilities of clinicians. I argue, however, that opaque decisions are more common in medicine than critics realize. Moreover, as Aristotle noted over two millennia ago, when our knowledge of causal systems is incomplete and precarious—as it often is in medicine—the ability to explain how results are produced can be less important than the ability to produce such results and empirically verify their accuracy.     

脉络学说营卫理论指导心律失常辨证论治

经脉包括经(气)络和血(脉)络,清代周学海《读医随笔》将气络末端称为"气之细络",脉络末端称为"血之细络"。心之气络涵盖心脏起搏与传导系统等广泛调控机制,心之脉络涵盖冠状动脉循环系统,心之气络与脉络相互协调,营卫相偕而行,共同维持心脏正常功能。各种致病因素导致营卫异常而发为心律失常,基于脉络学说营卫理论"损其心者,调其营卫"(《难经·十四难》)治疗原则指导心律失常辨证论治,同时充分结合现代致病因素和致病特点,分别选用调节卫气营血之方药,标本兼治,以期为临床诊疗提供有益借鉴。