Past,Present and Future of Home video-electroencephalographic telemetry: A review of the development of in-home video-electroencephalographic recordings

Video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring is an essential tool in epileptology, conventionally carried out in a hospital epilepsy monitoring unit. Due to high costs and long waiting times for hospital admission, coupled with technological advances, several centers have developed and implemented video-EEG monitoring in the patient's home (home video-EEG telemetry [HVET]). Here, we review the history and current status of three general approaches to HVET: (1) supervised HVET, which entails setting up video-EEG in the patient's home with daily visiting technologist support; (2) mobile HVET (also termed ambulatory video-EEG), which entails attaching electrodes in a health care facility, supplying the patient and carers with the hardware and instructions, and then asking the patient and carer to set up recording at home without technologist support; and (3) cloud-based HVET, which adds to either of the previous models continuous streaming of video-EEG from the home to the health care provider, with the option to review data in near real time, troubleshoot hardware remotely, and interact remotely with the patient. Our experience shows that HVET can be highly cost-effective and is well received by patients. We note limitations related to long-term electrode attachment and correct camera placing while the patient is unsupervised at home, and concerns related to regulations regarding data privacy for cloud services. We believe that HVET opens significant new opportunities for research, especially in the field of understanding the many influences in seizure occurrence. We speculate that in the future HVET may merge into innovative new multisensor approaches to continuously monitoring people with epilepsy.     

视频脑电监测在睡眠相关事件鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 评价视频脑电监测在诊断小儿睡眠相关事件中的实用价值.方法 对临床有睡眠相关事件发作的276例患儿进行夜间 8～12 h的视频脑电图动态监测,监测中对各种状态及事件进行标记,结束后将记录的EEG与临床录像资料同步回放分析.结果 276例患儿中,58例未监测到临床发作,218例监测到临床发作.监测到发作的218例患儿中伴脑电图异常放电诊断为癫痢者75例,占34.4%,不伴脑电图异常放电者143例,占65.6%.结论 视频脑电监测足明确小儿睡眠相关事件发作的种类、鉴别非癫(疒间)性与癫(疒间)发作的可靠检查方法.     

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目的探讨口周肌阵挛伴失神(PMA)的临床和脑电图特征,以提高对本病的认识。方法对2010年5月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的2例PMA患儿临床资料进行分析。结果 2例患儿均为学龄前儿童,2～4岁起病,临床发作以口周肌肉节律性抽动为突出表现,伴双眼凝视,不同程度意识障碍,持续时间短暂为数秒至十余秒,发作频繁。发作期脑电图为全导同步对称3Hz为主棘慢波放电,发作间期脑电图为全导散在或短阵片断发放的中高波幅棘波、棘慢波。两例患儿出生史、生长发育史均正常,均有癫痫家族史,1例2～3岁时有3次全身强直-阵挛发作,1例病程中有失神持续状态发作。2例患儿分别予丙戊酸钠或丙戊酸钠联合氯硝西泮治疗,服药后发作均有消失,其中1例随访10个月目前已无发作。结论 PMA是以频繁的失神和口周肌肉节律性肌阵挛为特征的特发性全面性癫痫综合征,视频脑电图对正确诊断本病有重要作用。     

A model of posttraumatic epilepsy induced by lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in rats

Although traumatic brain injury is a major cause of symptomatic epilepsy, the mechanism by which it leads to recurrent seizures is unknown. An animal model of posttraumatic epilepsy that reliably reproduces the clinical sequelae of human traumatic brain injury is essential to identify the molecular and cellular substrates of posttraumatic epileptogenesis, and perform preclinical screening of new antiepileptogenic compounds. We studied the electrophysiologic, behavioral, and structural features of posttraumatic epilepsy induced by severe, non-penetrating lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in rats. Data from two independent experiments indicated that 43% to 50% of injured animals developed epilepsy, with a latency period between 7 weeks to 1 year. Mean seizure frequency was 0.3+/-0.2 seizures per day and mean seizure duration was 113+/-46 s. Behavioral seizure severity increased over time in the majority of animals. Secondarily-generalized seizures comprised an average of 66+/-37% of all seizures. Mossy fiber sprouting was increased in the ipsilateral hippocampus of animals with posttraumatic epilepsy compared with those subjected to traumatic brain injury without epilepsy. Stereologic cell counts indicated a loss of dentate hilar neurons ipsilaterally following traumatic brain injury. Our data suggest that posttraumatic epilepsy occurs with a frequency of 40% to 50% after severe non-penetrating fluid-percussion brain injury in rats, and that the lateral fluid percussion model can serve as a clinically-relevant tool for pathophysiologic and preclinical studies.     

同步录像脑电图对癫痫及可疑癫痫的诊断价值

目的 探讨同步录像脑电图(Video-EEG)对癫痫及可疑癫痫的诊断价值.方法 对临床确诊为癫痫的43例患者和35例可疑癫痫患者进行Video-EEG监测,并对结果进行分析.结果 癫痫组痫样放电检出率为58.1%,可疑癫痫组检出率为8.6%.差异有极显著性.96.3%的痫样放电出现在睡眠NKEM Ⅰ、Ⅱ期.10例癫痫患者通过Video-EEG修正了发作类型.8例确诊为颞叶癫痫,4例确诊为额叶癫痫.结论 Video-EEG可显著提高癫痫诊断的阳性率,区别癫痫发作与非癫痫发作,确定癫痫发作类型,有助于局灶性癫痫的定位诊断及抗癫痈药物疗效评估,提高疗效.     

非癫痫性发作患者发作期临床表现与同步录像脑电监测结果分析

目的：分析非癫痫性发作（NES）患者的临床特点及其同步录像脑电图（V—EEG）监测的诊断价值。方法：NES患者33例,其中男14例,女19例;年龄16个月至73岁。对患者发作期的临床表现结合EEG和焦虑、抑郁评分以及MRI等进行回顾性分析。结果：33例患者v-EEG均监测到临床发作,发作期EEG均无痫样放电,证实为NES,并且超过半数（56％）的患者伴有焦虑和（或）抑郁情绪。结论：NES的发作形式多种多样,易被误诊为癫痫或其他疾病。心理因素在NES发作中可能有比较重要的作用。V—EEG监测对NES诊断及鉴别诊断均有重要的指导意义。     

Predictive value of electrically induced seizures for postsurgical seizure outcome

ObjectiveTo determine whether semiological similarity of electrically induced seizures (EIS) and spontaneously occurring habitual seizures (SHS) is associated with postsurgical seizure outcome in patients undergoing invasive video-EEG monitoring (VEM) before resective epilepsy surgery.MethodsData of patients undergoing invasive VEM were retrospectively reviewed and included if at least one EIS and SHS during VEM occurred and the brain region in which EIS were elicited was resected. Seizure outcome was evaluated at three follow-up (FU) visits after surgery (1, 2 years and last available FU) according to the classification by Engel and the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The level of semiological similarity of EIS and SHS was rated blinded to the surgical outcome. Statistics were done using Fisher’s exact test and a mixed linear-logistic regression model.Results65 patients were included. Postsurgical seizure freedom was achieved in 51% (ILAE class 1) and 58% (Engel class I) at last FU (median 36 months). Patients with identical EIS and SHS displayed significantly better postsurgical seizure outcomes (ILAE class 1 at last FU: 76% vs. 31%, p < 0.001; Engel class I: 83% vs. 39%, p < 0.001).ConclusionEIS are useful to confirm the location of the epileptogenic zone. A high level of similarity between EIS and SHS is associated with a favorable postsurgical seizure outcome.SignificanceEIS may be used as an additional predictor of postsurgical outcome when counselling patients to proceed to resective epilepsy surgery.     

探讨儿童部分性癫痫发作发作间期脑电图及与影像学的关系

目的探讨儿童部分性癫痫发作发作间期EEG及与影像学的关系。方法对67例部分性发作的癫痫患儿行长程录像脑电监测(VEEG)及影像学检查,分析发作间期EEG及与影像学的关系。结果与发作间期EEG正常的患儿比较,EEG异常患儿影像学正常率显著降低,影像学异常率显著增高(χ2=5.154,P=0.023)。发作间期异常放电51例患者中,42例(82.4%)间期放电与发作期部位一致,其中20例(47.6%)影像学检查正常,22例(52.4%)影像学检查异常,两者相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.726)。结论发作间期EEG异常部分性癫痫患儿,影像异常率高,大多数患儿发作间期放电与发作期起始放电部位一致。     

Implementation of a Neurocritical Care Program: Improved Seizure Detection and Decreased Antiseizure Medication at Discharge in Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

BackgroundWe report the impact of implementing continuous video electroencephalography monitoring for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy via a protocol in the context of neonatal neuro-critical care program.MethodsNeonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were studied retrospectively two years before and after implementing continuous video electroencephalography for 72 hours as a care protocol. Before continuous video electroencephalography, a 60-minute routine electroencephalography was performed at the discretion of the provider. Primary outcome: electrographic seizure detection; secondary outcome: use of maintenance antiseizure medications, discharge antiseizure medications, and cumulative burden for each antiseizure medication defined as total mg/kg during hospital stay.ResultsA total of 157 patients with a median gestation of 40 weeks were analyzed; 103 (66%) underwent therapeutic hypothermia. Baseline and clinical characteristics including disease severity and cooling were similar. Before continuous video-electroencephalography (n = 86), 44 (51.2%) had clinical seizures, of those 35 had available routine electroencephalography; 12 of 35 (34%) had electrographic seizures. None of the infants without clinical seizures showed electrographic seizures. After continuous video-electroencephalography (n = 71), 34 (47.9%) had clinical seizures, of those 18 (53%) had electrographic seizures; five of 37 (14%) of infants with no clinical seizures had electrographic seizures. The introduction of continuous video-electroencephalography significantly increased electrographic seizure detection (P = 0.016). Although there was no significant difference in the initiation and maintenance use of antiseizure medications after continuous video-electroencephalography, fewer infants were discharged on any antiseizure medication (P = 0.008). Also, the mean phenobarbital burden reduced (P = 0.04), without increase in other antiseizure medications use or burden.ConclusionUse of continuous video-electroencephalography as part of the neonatal neuro-critical care program was associated with improved electrographic seizure detection, decreased phenobarbital burden, and antiseizure medication use at discharge.