Des mirages du désir de néant chez Samuel Beckett,du malaise adolescent aujourd’hui et du besoin de médiations thérapeutiques bien accordées

Samuel Beckett, at the start of his adult life, had all the characteristics of a psychotic withdrawal. Before Waiting for Godot, which would bring him fame, the first play he composed entirely wad called Eleutheria (“Freedom” in Greek) and describes the confinement of a teenager at his parents’ home. Perhaps because resembled too closely his own privacy, the author always refused publication and staging. “Less an action than a site, often empty”, according to the indication given in the preamble by the author, this dramaturgy obviously has substantial links to the rest of the work. We criticize that to understand this many spoke of the writing of “exhaustion” and some assumed that Beckett would have treated a psychosis, perhaps an autism, by his creativity. Understanding of his biography could point more towards the psychological profile of a borderline state with, at the same time, the threat of an overflow of excitement and the strong apprehension of the feeling of emptiness if this same excitation ceases to be felt. Above all, his writings and his life have inspired us to think about the contemporary world and review the concepts of therapeutic mediation.     

Hikikomori : vivre sans son propre corps. Des effets du virtuel dans le retrait social

The Net can be interpreted as the last technical product through which imagery is overlapping reality : the relationship with the Net has led to some meaningful transformations in our way of living, thinking, forming emotional contacts with anyone. It can be assumed that, first of all, this change concerns younger generations and, in this logic, the social withdrawal can be seen as a symptom of contemporaneity, meaning that it seems to testify to the presence of a splitting between a virtual body and a real one, that affects us all. To fully understand what happened, it's necessary to refer to the narcissistic change in educational models, family systems, social contexts and the roles played by peer groups. Affective families have replaced the regulative ones; the lack of rules and shame on peers have replaced the guilt towards fathers. This has meant that many young people refuse to meet each one another in order to retire to an exclusively virtual world. In our contribution, we identify three ways in which these splittings between the virtual body and the imaginary one appears in social withdrawal: First, the sense of protection from the outside world, in relation to the shame resulting from social challenges, especially with regards to sexual intercourse or simply to its prefiguration. Second, the imaginary satisfaction, which offers the subject the opportunity to live an experience parallel to the real one. In this dimension, the risk of a depressive psychotic collapse greatly reduces as far as the imaginary construction holds up. Finally, the ethical indifference which entails a loss of the Super Ego, whereby the moral limits of imaginary action coincide with the possibilities offered by the technical tool. The use of violence is confined within the virtual world and does not receive a moral condemnation, so the Net becomes a sort of receptacle, similar to the Freudian Es where all the drives are expressed. Within the Net, the person living in social withdrawal without the proximity of a real body can’t reach that encounter with the other that is still capable of stimulating our empathy.     

儿童网络成瘾和蜗居现象的认识与应对策略

随着互联网普及率逐年递增，个体及其与社会互动的方式发生了巨大变化。网络在带来前所未有便利的同时，网络成瘾作为一种新的成瘾现象已经受到广泛关注，特别是针对儿童青少年，同时会表现出各种心理和生理的异常，如蜗居、社会退缩、抑郁等，这可能是一种复杂的社会现象，是社会、家庭、个体心理各因素相互作用的结果。深入了解儿童网络成瘾和蜗居现象，认真思考应对策略，有助于国家对网络问题治理相关对策的制定。     

Syndrome d’Hikikomori ou de claustration à domicile : À propos d’une observation Tunisienne

Background

Hikikomori syndrome originally described in Japan as a psychosocial and cultural entity affecting especially adolescents. These younger people stop going to school or workplace and spend most of the time withdrawn into their homes for months or years. Hikikomori-like cases named under other nomenclatures such as “social withdrawal” or “housebound syndrome” have recently been reported in other countries of varying sociocultural and economic backgrounds such as Hong Kong, Oman, US, Spain and France. Thus, Hikikomori has now crossed the limits of a culture-bound phenomenon to become an increasingly prevalent international condition. In Tunisia, young people who meet the definition of “Hikikomori” are not necessarily the same as “Hikikomori” in Japan. Our objective was to illustrate a case of Hikikomori in Tunisia, as well as the diagnostic difficulties it posed.

Formations de l’idéal,Hikikomori et virtuel à l’adolescence

Goals

Withdrawal behaviours among teenagers have become a major topic in both clinical practice and the specialized literature. Known since the 1980s in Japan as Hikikomori, these behaviours are found across international nosographies in a variety of models. They are not always accompanied by intensive video gaming. There are varied uses of digital technology among teenagers, in terms of both quantity and quality. They can relate to the formation of an ideal, on the boundaries between virtual reality and illusion, it can also be a step toward the renewal of social relationship, since it enables a less threatening confrontation with the object.

Hikikomori du jeune : accueillir et prendre en charge le fardeau de la famille

Home confinement of a young person is a global problem whether or not it is associated with a psychiatric disorder. It is a maladaptive behavior that tends to repeat itself and finally involves the whole family in a shared difficulty of attachment/separation. Relieving the family burden using parental guidance could help to break the cercle vicious of guilt and shame among family members.Many studies on the features of families in hikikomori situations are cited in the article, mostly from Japanese authors. Constrained family culture, misunderstanding between the young person and his family, and dependency to parental figures are far more important today than in previous works where the poor quality of family relations were stressed. Studies about families in hikikomori situations are now beginning to emerge in non-Japanese countries, notably in Spain and Italy. It would be interesting to develop such research stream in France. This article also presents our clinical experience in responding to requests for consultations from families with a hikikomori situation, in developing a professional network via the AFHIKI association, and in animating a family exchange group about hikikomori.     

Psychological Factors Associated with Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori)

ObjectiveCases of prolonged social withdrawal (hikikomori) have recently been reported in several countries. This study examined the impact of cognitive-behavioral and emotional factors on hikikomori behavior to identify intervention targets. Identifying such targets could facilitate the development of techniques to address hikikomori characteristics. MethodsTwo hundred Japanese individuals (mean age=38.73, SD=6.85) completed the Adaptive Behaviors Scale for Hikikomori and Stress Response Scale-18, along with the Japanese versions of the Self-Compassion Scale (Short Form), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory. Participants were divided into two groups: individuals with no experience of social withdrawal, and those with experience of social withdrawal. Results Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement stress coping skills, self-compassion, and psychological stress were associated with hikikomori behaviors. Furthermore, higher instrumental support levels, associated with a decrease in hikikomori behaviors, were found in the hikikomori group. Conclusion The use of instrumental support, behavioral disengagement stress coping skills, self-compassion, and psychological stress should be targeted in hikikomori prevention interventions. Moreover, encouragement for the use of instrumental support is needed for improving hikikomori.     

Formations de l’idéal,Hikikomori, et réalité virtuelle à l’adolescence

Goals

Withdrawal behaviors in adolescents are becoming increasingly prevalent, both in clinical practice and in the specialist literature. First described in 1980s Japan as hikikomori, these behaviors are now found across international nosographies and in a variety of structural models. They are not always accompanied by intensive video gaming. Adolescents’ use of digital technologies is quantitatively and qualitatively varied. It can be situated in a particular mobilization of ideal-formations at the intersection of the virtual and the illusory. It can also be a step towards a renewal with social relationships, in that it allows for a less threatening confrontation with the object.