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1.
ObjectivesSeveral implementation strategies can reduce potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) prescribing. Although use of PIMs has declined in recent years, it remains prevalent. Various strategies exist to improve the appropriateness of medication use. However, little is known about the processes of these different implementation strategies. This scoping review aims to investigate how the process evaluation of implementation strategies for reducing PIM prescribing in the older population has been studied.MethodsWe searched for process evaluations of implementation strategies for reducing PIM prescribing in PUBMED, SCOPUS and Web of Science published between January 2000 and November 2019 in English. We applied the following inclusion criteria: patients aged ≥65 years, validated PIM criteria, and implementation process evaluated. The review focuses on decision support for health care professionals. We described the findings of the process evaluations, and compared the authors’ concepts of process evaluation of the included publications to those of Proctor et al.( 2010).ResultOf 9131 publications screened, 29 met our inclusion criteria. Different process evaluation conceptualizations were identified. Most process evaluations took place in the initial stages of the process (acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, and feasibility) and sustainability and implementation costs were seldom evaluated. None of the included publications evaluated fidelity.Multifaceted interventions were the most studied implementation strategies. Medication review was more common in acceptability evaluations, multidisciplinary interventions in adoption evaluations, and computerized systems and educational interventions in feasibility evaluations. Process evaluations were studied from the health care professionals’ viewpoint in most of the included publications, but the management viewpoint was missing.DiscussionThe conceptualization of process evaluation in the field of PIM prescribing is indeterminate. There is also a current gap in the knowledge of sustainability and implementation costs. Clarifying the conceptualization of implementation process evaluation is essential in order to effectively translate research knowledge into practice.  相似文献   
2.
ObjectivesTo evaluate the long-term effectiveness of an action research intervention aimed at improving hand hygiene in an intensive care unit of a public hospital in Italy.MethodsAn observational, prospective before-after study was carried out. Compliance with hand hygiene was estimated by measuring the utilization of hand hygiene products before the intervention and four years after the end of the project. Products used were the following: detergent liquid soap, antiseptic liquid soap and alcohol-based hand gel. Endpoints were quantity consumed (in grams) for each product category. Quantitative consumptions per workshift were compared.ResultsIn 2017 the median consumption of antiseptic liquid soap and alcohol-based hand gel per workshift was significantly higher than in 2012 (111.5 g vs 72.5 g, p = 0.014, and 18.0 g vs 5.0 g, p < 0.001). Odds in favour of a higher value in 2017 were 1.99:1 (CI95%: 1.19:1 to 3.73:1) for antiseptic solution, and 5.39:1 (CI95%: 3.09:1 to 13.61:1) for antiseptic gel. Covariates were not associated with consumption of products, and this made it possible to compare the measurements in the two data collections.ConclusionsResults of this study support the long-term effectiveness of the action research intervention to improve practices of hand hygiene in an intensive care setting.  相似文献   
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4.
《Vaccine》2022,40(31):4199-4210
BackgroundZimbabwe suffers from regular outbreaks of typhoid fever (TF), worse since 2017. Most cases were in Harare and a vaccination campaign with Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) was conducted in March 2019. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was assessed against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in children six months to 15 years and in individuals six months to 45 years in Harare.MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted in three urban suburbs of Harare targeted by the TCV vaccination campaign. Suspected TF cases were enrolled prospectively in four health facilities and were matched to facility (1:1) and community (1:5) controls.FindingsOf 504 suspected cases from July 2019 to March 2020, 148 laboratory-confirmed TF cases and 153 controls confirmed-negative were identified. One hundred and five (47 aged six months to 15 years) cases were age, sex, and residence matched with 105 facility-based controls while 96 cases were matched 1:5 by age, sex, and immediate-neighbour with 229 community controls.The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 75% (95%CI: 1–94, p = 0.049) compared to facility controls, and 84% (95%CI: 57–94, p < 0.001) compared to community controls in individuals six months to 15 years. The adjusted VE against confirmed TF was 46% (95%CI: 26–77, p = 0.153) compared to facility controls, and 67% (95%CI: 35–83, p = 0.002) compared to community controls six months to 45 years old.InterpretationThis study confirms that one vaccine dose of TCV is effective to control TF in children between six months and 15 years old in an African setting.  相似文献   
5.
目的探讨腹腔镜全胃切除术与传统开腹全胃切除术对Ⅰ期胃癌的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析89例肿瘤位于近端胃的Ⅰ期胃癌,并且行全胃切除术的患者。按照手术方式不同分为腹腔镜组(47例)和开腹组(42例)。通过观察两组患者手术时间、出血量、术后病理相关指标、术后并发症、术后首次进食流质饮食时间及术后住院天数,比较两种手术方式的近期疗效。结果两组患者基线资料对比差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者手术时间更长,但术中出血量、术后首次进食流质饮食时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症发生率及并发症等级均低于开腹组(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜全胃切除术能够在保证Ⅰ期的近端胃癌患者手术安全性的同时,降低患者术中出血量、进食流质饮食时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症。  相似文献   
6.
目的 评估《北京市控制吸烟条例》(《条例》)实施效果。方法 2018年4月通过分层阶段抽样方法,选择北京市东城、朝阳区93家餐馆,在午餐和晚餐时间进行暗访随访,观察餐馆内吸烟现象,并与实施前半年、实施1个月的结果进行比较。结果 餐馆禁烟标识张贴率(76.3%)和服务员对《条例》整体认知程度均较高。总体吸烟发生率(29.0%)低于实施前半年的吸烟率(36.7%),高于实施1个月的吸烟率(14.8%)。未发现服务员主动劝阻行为。商业建筑内餐馆吸烟发生率(3.3%)低于非商业建筑内餐馆(41.3%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 《条例》实施效果低于实施1个月。禁烟标识张贴率和服务员认知水平与法规实际遵守情况相背离。应加强对餐馆经营者和公众的宣传和教育。  相似文献   
7.
目的:研究针刀松解寰枕筋膜治疗颈源性眩晕的疗效。方法:选取2017年1月至2018年1月佛山市健翔医院收治的颈源性眩晕患者96例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为对照组和观察组,每组48例。对照组患者给予3次/周针灸、局部按摩治疗,观察组患者给予1次/周的针刀松解寰枕筋膜治疗,均治疗3周。依照《颈性眩晕评估量表(ESCV)》分析2组患者治疗前后颈性眩晕评分变化、椎动脉血流动力学变化,比较2组患者血清中内皮源性超极化因子(EDHF)的含量和一氧化氮(NO)水平,统计2组患者的治疗有效率、眩晕症状缓解时间及生命质量变化。结果:观察组患者治疗后总有效率为97.92%高于对照组的81.25%(P<0.05),眩晕有效缓解时间明显缩短,眩晕评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后椎动脉的平均血流、收缩期血流、舒张期血流速度、血清中NO及EDHF水平明显上升,血管搏动指数显著下降(P<0.05);生命质量评分显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:针刀松解寰枕筋膜能够通过改善颈源性眩晕患者的椎动脉血流动力学,有效治疗患者的颈源性眩晕。  相似文献   
8.
《Vaccine》2021,39(40):5858-5865
BackgroundEnteric fever, caused by Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality among children in South Asia. Rising antimicrobial resistance presents an additional challenge. Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines (TCV) are recommended by the World Health Organization for use among people 6 months to 45 years old living in endemic settings. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of TCV against culture-confirmed S. Typhi in Lyari Town, Karachi, Pakistan. This peri-urban town was one of the worst affected by the outbreak of extensively drug resistant (XDR) typhoid that started in November 2016.MethodsA matched case-control study was conducted following a mass immunization campaign with TCV at three key hospitals in Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan. Children aged 6 months to 15 years presenting with culture-confirmed S. Typhi were enrolled as cases. For each case, at least 1 age-matched hospital control and two age-matched community controls were enrolled. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.ResultsOf 82 typhoid fever patients enrolled from August 2019 through December 2019, 8 (9·8%) had received vaccine for typhoid. Of the 164 community controls and 82 hospital controls enrolled, 38 (23·2%) community controls and 27 (32·9%) hospital controls were vaccinated for typhoid. The age and sex-adjusted vaccine effectiveness was found to be 72% (95% CI: 34% − 88%). The consumption of meals prepared outside home more than once per month (adjusted odds ratio: 3·72, 95% CI: 1·55- 8·94; p-value: 0·003) was associated with the development of culture-confirmed typhoid.ConclusionA single dose of TCV is effective against culture confirmed typhoid among children aged 6 months to 15 years old in an XDR typhoid outbreak setting of a peri-urban community in Karachi, Pakistan.  相似文献   
9.
ObjectivesTo compare the characteristics of patients undergoing treatment with continuous intestinal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa (CIILC) for advanced Parkinson's disease and the data on the effectiveness and safety of CIILC in the different autonomous communities (AC) of Spain.MethodsA retrospective, longitudinal, observational study was carried out into 177 patients from 11 CAs who underwent CIILC between January 2006 and December 2011. We analysed data on patients’ clinical and demographic characteristics, variables related to effectiveness (changes in off time/on time with or without disabling dyskinesia; changes in Hoehn and Yahr scale and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores; non-motor symptoms; and Clinical Global Impression scale scores) and safety (adverse events), and the rate of CIILC discontinuation.ResultsSignificant differences were observed between CAs for several baseline variables: duration of disease progression prior to CIILC onset, off time (34.9-59.7%) and on time (2.6-48.0%; with or without disabling dyskinesia), Hoehn and Yahr score during on time, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III score during both on and off time, presence of ≥ 4 motor symptoms, and CIILC dose. Significant differences were observed during follow-up (> 24 months in 9 of the 11 CAs studied) for the percentage of off time and on time without disabling dyskinesia, adverse events frequency, and Clinical Global Impression scores. The rate of CIILC discontinuation was between 20-40% in 9 CAs (78 and 80% in remaining 2 CAs).ConclusionsThis study reveals a marked variability between CAs in terms of patient selection and CIILC safety and effectiveness. These results may have been influenced by patients’ baseline characteristics, the availability of multidisciplinary teams, and clinical experience.  相似文献   
10.
目的 探讨血流导向装置(FD)治疗基底动脉巨大动脉瘤的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年7月至2020年7月采用FD治疗的17例基底动脉巨大动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 17例(17个动脉瘤)共置入28枚FD(22枚Pipeline支架,6枚Tubridge支架),成功释放27枚。术后发生并发症共11例(64.7%,11/17),其中缺血6例,出血2例,占位效应加重3例。14例临床随访1~60个月,平均(18.1±16.3)个月;预后良好(改良Rankin量表评分0~2分)11例,重残1例,死亡2例。10例影像学随访3~60个月,平均(17.8±18.9)个月;8例动脉瘤完全闭塞,2例残腔稳定;9例载瘤动脉通畅,1例因术中支架脱入动脉瘤瘤腔内而闭塞基底动脉。结论 对于基底动脉巨大动脉瘤,FD治疗的动脉瘤闭塞率较高,效果良好;但是术后并发症不容忽视,临床应注意防治。  相似文献   
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