Conceptions of wellness among the Yup'ik of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta: the vitality of social and natural connection

Focus group research was conducted to examine indigenous conceptions of wellness among the Yup'ik Eskimos of southwestern Alaska. The dialogue on wellness emphasized the importance of living a traditional lifestyle, seeking creative solutions to manage drastic cultural change, and fostering connection within the communities and the native landscape. These themes mesh well with existing characterizations of Alaska Native experiences and worldviews, and reflect substantial links between enculturation, acculturation and health. The data underscores the importance of comprehending local conceptions of wellness in order to effectively work toward promoting optimal health. This paper represents part of an ongoing dialogue in which researchers and native communities co-direct the investigation into healthy ways of being in the world.     

中学生家长的集体主义-个体主义价值观对其养育目标的影响

目的 探究中学生家长的集体主义-个体主义价值观对其养育目标的影响.方法 用改编的集体主义-个体主义价值取向量表(COLINDEX)和Kohn家长养育目标量表对378名中学生的家长进行问卷调查分析.结果 在个体主义因素上,父亲得分[(3.23±0.73)分]比母亲得分[(3.05±0.44)分]高( F (1,359)=5.25,P <0.05),受大专及其以上教育的家长[(4.00±0.86)分]比受高中或中专教育的[(3.91±0.81)分]和初中及以下教育的[(3.83±0.97)分]得分高( F (2,363)=4.72,P <0.01).回归分析发现集体主义价值观对"责任适应"和"规范顺从"养育目标都有预测力( P <0.01);集体主义价值观和个体主义价值观都对"探索进取"养育目标有预测力( P <0.05; P <0.01).结论 高集体主义价值观的家长期望子女能够承担责任,适应社会,有良好的行为规范,并且顺从父母的教导;高个体主义价值观的家长鼓励子女独立自主、探索进取.     

Social support,sense of community,collectivistic values,and depressive symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2004 Beslan terrorist attack

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the influence of socio-contextual variables on depressive symptoms in 158 adolescent survivors of the 2004 terrorist attack in Beslan, Russia, based on an ecological perspective. Participants were assessed 18 months after the traumatic event. Adolescents aged 14–17 years completed self-reported measures assessing depressive symptoms, social support, sense of community, and collectivism. The results of path analyses indicated that for both boys and girls, the endorsement of collectivistic values was related to increased family support, which in turn was associated with lower rates of depressive symptoms. In the male group, collectivism and sense of community were positively associated with peer support, which in turn was negatively related to depressive symptomatology. The findings suggest that social support and community connectedness may serve as protective resources in adolescents' psychological responses to terror-related stressors, and that gender differences as well as cultural values should be taken into consideration when implementing interventions with youths exposed to terrorism.     

Cultural modulation of self-referential brain activity for personality traits and social identities

Cross-cultural studies have shown that personality traits are less central and social identities are more important to the selfhood of collectivistic people. However, most cultural neuroscience studies using the self-reference effect (SRE) paradigm have only used personality traits to explore cultural differences in the neural circuits of self-referential processes. In the present study, we used both personality traits and social identities as stimuli in the SRE paradigm and investigated whether and how one's cultural orientation (i.e., individualism vs. collectivism) affects the SRE in the brain. The results showed that the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, bilateral temporoparietal regions, and precuneus were involved in self-representation for both personality traits and social identities. Importantly, cultural orientation predicted differential activation patterns in these regions. Collectivists showed stronger activation in the left temporoparietal regions than individualists, who mainly recruited the medial prefrontal regions. Our findings suggest that the personal and social self share common neural substrates, the activation of which can be modulated by one's cultural orientation.     

个人主义-集体主义量表中文版的主要维度和效度

目的修订个人主义-集体主义量表的中文版(the Chinese version of the Individualism-Collectivism Scale,ICS-C),并对其测量学的特征进行评估。方法英文原版的ICS首先被翻译成中文后,再进行回译,确保内容一致,然后对5个年龄组的1760名青少年被试施测。结果 ICS-C内部一致性信度Cronbach'sα系数为0.64～0.83,用ICCs指标的重测信度为0.45～0.80,四因素模型的验证性因素分析结果发现,四因素模型与数据吻合最好。结果支持了多维度的个人主义和集体主义,多因素方差分析的结果显示,存在显著的年龄和性别差异。在社会维度的主观知觉上,随着年龄的增长有一个递增趋势。在性别差异上,女生在垂直集体主义上的得分高于男生(P0.05)。结论个人主义-集体主义量表的中文版具有良好的信度和效度。     

论尊重个人

“尊重个人”是现代伦理的一项重要内容，但理论界至今未对其进行专门研究。本文从“新生个人的涵义入手，介绍了这一道德规范的双向性、个体针对性、权 它与个人主义、利已主义相区别的特殊规定性及从马克思道德论出发提出了这一规范的客观必然性，通过“新生个人”与集体主义、人道主义、民主在目的、侧重点适用范围、社会意义等方面的比较屯它独立存在的价值；最后深入阐述了提倡新生个人对于弥补传统文化缺陷、建设现代伦理文化     

集体主义和个体主义价值取向量表的修订及中学生价值观发展特点的研究

目的 考察集体主义和个体主义价值取向量表(COLINDEX)的因素结构及修订的价值观量表的信、效度;研究中学生价值观发展的特点、影响因素.方法 应用修订的价值观量表对5875名中学生进行问卷调查,进行了信、效度分析及其他统计分析.结果 验证性因素分析结果表明COLINDEX量表的两因素模型不能拟合数据,三因素模型拟合指数达到标准;修订的价值观量表经过探索性因素分析可以提取四个因素,量表构想效度良好,分量表和总量表信度指标合格(责任权利、刺激变化、公共安全和传统和谐四个分量表的信度分别是0.84,0.76,0.84和0.74,总量表信度为0.90);中学生在责任权利、刺激变化、公共安全和传统和谐四个因素上的平均分依次为4.15,3.60,4.18和3.91;以修订的价值观量表的各分量表得分为因变量进行多元方差分析,结果表明性别和年级不存在交互作用,各自的主效应显著.结论 我国中学生价值观体系中,集体主义、个体主义两个维度不是互相独立的;修订的价值观量表信度、效度合格,可供进一步研究使用;中学生对集体主义价值观认同程度较高,同时也很重视个性自由;不同性别、年级学生的价值观存在显著差异.     

社会主义核心价值体系与医学伦理学——中国医学伦理学与生命伦理学发展研究之三

社会主义核心价值体系是社会主义意识形态的本质体现,是引导社会思潮的精神导向.医学伦理学实际上包括医疗职业道德和生命伦理学两个部分,对于医疗职业道德,社会主义核心价值体系对其的主导引领作用十分明显.而对生命伦理学的引领作用,有些体现在思想内容方面,有些体现在思想方法方面,或者二者兼而有之.具体可依据不同的内容,采取借鉴吸收、改造创新和有机结合、充实提升两种方法.     

Dichotomies of collectivism and individualism in bioethics: Selective abortion debates and issues of self-determination in Japan and 'the West'

This article examines the dichotomies of collectivism and individualism in the debates on the selective abortion of disabled fetuses, which have occurred over the last four decades in Japan. Disagreements in debates on abortion in Japan have often revolved around the concept of self-determination (jiko-kettei). These debates usually focus on whether this 'foreign' concept is appropriate in a Japanese context, as the dominant Japanese discourse stereotypes the Japanese as making decisions in a harmonious manner. Both in public debates and in academic writing on abortion, the idea that the West is devoid of harmonious collectivism is often presented in an uncritical manner. In this article, we argue that the notion of 'self-determination' is borrowed from 'reverse Orientalist' and Occidentalist discourses that portray Westerners as individualistic or ego-centric and the Japanese as collectivist. The concept of 'self-determination' was remolded and projected onto Japanese public and academic debates on abortion. The relevance of this concept lies in the ways in which dichotomous views of 'Japan as harmonious' versus 'the West as individualistic' influence guidelines concerning prenatal testing and its daily practice. By critically analyzing the narratives of policy-makers and academic studies on self-determination and prenatal testing, this study traces these polarizing views back to the processes of national identity formation. These processes underlie political debates and academic work associated with the search for 'Japanese-ness'. This article further demonstrates that policy-makers' criticism of self-determination in prenatal testing derives from gender bias, which is also related to issues of Japanese identity. This article is based on both archival and field research materials collected between 1997 and 2008. We also refer to interviews with medical doctors, policy-makers, journalists, counselors, nurses, participants in various social movements and individuals undergoing prenatal testing, taken from a total of 180 interviews.     

个人主义和集体主义量表中文版信度和效度的研究

目的：检验个人主义和集体主义量表（Individualism and Collectivism scale，INDCOL）中文版的信、效度。方法：应用INDCOL中文版．对1760名大、中学生施测，计算该量表的雨测信度、内部一致性信度和结构效度等。结果：EFA得出INDCOL具有水平个人主义、垂直个人主义、水平集体主义和垂直集体主义的4因子结构，CFA对此进行了验证．其中X^2／df=3．173，GFI=0．975。IFI=0．921，CFI=0．927。RMSEA=0.081。各项拟合指数均符合测量学的要求。信度分析发现．重测信度为0．747。最表及各因子内部一致性α系数为：水平个人主义0．689、垂直个人主义0．637、水平集体主义0．788、垂直集体主义0．644。结论：INDCOL中文版具有良好的信、效度，但某些条目还不适合中国人群，需要进一步修订。