深圳市宫颈门诊就诊者高危型人乳头瘤病毒和生殖道沙眼衣原体感染情况

目的 分析深圳地区宫颈门诊就诊者高危型人乳头瘤病毒（high-risk human papillomavirus, HR-HPV）和生殖道沙眼衣原体（genital chlamydia trachomatis, GCT）感染情况及其与子宫颈癌/癌前病变的关联。方法 回顾性地收集2018年1—12月深圳市妇幼保健院妇科宫颈门诊就诊者病历资料,采用非条件Logistic回归分析高危型HPV和GCT与子宫颈病变的关联,计算比值比（odds ratio, OR）和95%置信区间（confidence interval, CI）。结果 本研究纳入深圳市宫颈门诊就诊者881例,平均年龄（36.86±9.46）岁。高危型HPV阳性率为71.7%,GCT的阳性率为7.4%,高危型HPV合并GCT的感染率为5.6%。高危型HPV阳性率随年龄递增（P_趋势=0.001）,而GCT阳性率和高危型HPV合并GCT感染率呈现随年龄逐渐下降的趋势（趋势性P=0.002和0.014）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高危型HPV感染与细胞学ASCUS+及病理学CIN1+存在显著关联,OR值及95%CI分别为3.72 （2.35, 5.90）和6.90 （3.79, 12.57）;未发现GCT感染或高危型HPV合并GCT感染与细胞学ASCUS+及病理学CIN1+存在关联。结论 宫颈门诊就诊者是深圳市高危型HPV和GCT感染的重点人群,需有针对性地做好健康教育、安全套促进和常规筛查工作。     

High prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae and particularly Trichomonas vaginalis diagnosed using US FDA‐approved Aptima molecular tests and evaluation of conventional routine diagnostic tests in Ternopil,Ukraine

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain major public health problems globally. Appropriate laboratory diagnosis of STIs is rare in Ukraine. We investigated the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) using the US FDA‐approved Aptima Combo 2 and Aptima TV assays and compared the results with the conventional routine diagnostic tests (CDTs) in Ukraine. Urogenital swabs from consecutive mostly symptomatic females (n = 296) and males (n = 159) were examined. The prevalences were as follows: 10% (n = 47) of TV, 5.3% (n = 24) of CT and 1.5% (n = 7) of NG. The specificity of some CDTs was high, for example, 100% for NG culture, TV IgG ELISA, CT IgM ELISA and CT microscopy, but lower for other CDTs, that is, from 44% to 99.8%. The sensitivity of all CDTs was suboptimal, that is, 71% (n = 5) for NG microscopy, 57% (n = 4) for NG culture, 53% (n = 8) for CT IgG ELISA, 33% (n = 1) for TV IgG ELISA, 28% (n = 13) for TV microscopy, 25% (n = 1) for CT IgA ELISA, 20% (n = 3) for CT IgM ELISA and 0% (n = 0) for CT microscopy. The prevalences of particularly TV and CT were high, but substantial also for NG, in Ternopil, Ukraine. The sensitivities of all CDTs were low, and widespread implementation of validated, quality‐assured and cost‐effective molecular diagnostic STI tests in Ukraine is imperative.     

Chlamydia trachomatis: Cell biology,immunology and vaccination

Chlamydia trachomatis is the causative agent of a highly prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial disease and is associated with a number of severe disease complications. Current therapy options are successful at treating disease, but patients are left without protective immunity and do not benefit the majority asymptomatic patients who do not seek treatment. As such, there is a clear need for a broad acting, protective vaccine that can prevent transmission and protect against symptomatic disease presentation. There are three key elements that underlie successful vaccine development: 1) Chlamydia biology and immune-evasion adaptations, 2) the correlates of protection that prevent disease in natural and experimental infection, 3) reflection upon the evidence provided by previous vaccine attempts. In this review, we give an overview of the unique intra-cellular biology of C. trachomatis and give insight into the dynamic combination of adaptations that allow Chlamydia to subvert host immunity and survive within the cell. We explore the current understanding of chlamydial immunity in animal models and in humans and characterise the key immune correlates of protection against infection. We discuss in detail the specific immune interactions involved in protection, with relevance placed on the CD4+ T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte responses that are key to pathogen clearance. Finally, we provide a timeline of C. trachomatis vaccine research to date and evaluate the successes and failures in development so far. With insight from these three key elements of research, we suggest potential solutions for chlamydial vaccine development and promising avenues for further exploration.     

Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the national and regional incidence,epidemiology and diagnostic testing of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden, 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the societies and health care systems globally, and resulted in many social and physical distancing restrictions to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2. These restrictions have also likely affected the frequency of intimate contacts and the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Compared to most other countries, Sweden especially in Spring-Autumn 2020 pursued mainly milder voluntary, that is, not mandatory enforced by laws, recommended restrictions and the impacts of these on society and spread of STIs remain largely unknown. We describe the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the national and regional incidence, epidemiology and diagnostic testing of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden in 2020. Compared to 2019, we found a significant decrease in incidence of chlamydia (?4.5%) and gonorrhoea (?17.5%), and in diagnostic testing (?10.5% for chlamydia, ?9.4% for gonorrhoea) in 2020. However, the decrease in chlamydia incidence, which has mainly been decreasing in the last 10 years, was not significant when compared with the average incidence in 2017–2019. The largest decrease in national incidence of both infections was observed among young and heterosexual patients, however, some Swedish regions showed an increased incidence, particularly of chlamydia. Increased “internet-based self-sampling” testing approach partly compensated for a decreased attendance at STI clinics. Studies, including sexual behaviour, prevention, reasons for attending STI health care, STIs in different anatomical sites and management of STIs, are required to elucidate the impact of COVID-19-associated social and physical distancing restrictions on sexual activity and the incidence and epidemiology of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in Sweden.     

Preventing ophthalmia neonatorum

The use of silver nitrate as prophylaxis for neonatal ophthalmia was instituted in the late 1800s to prevent the devastating effects of neonatal ocular infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At that time – during the preantibiotic era – many countries made such prophylaxis mandatory by law. Today, neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia is rare in Canada, but ocular prophylaxis for this condition remains mandatory in some provinces/ territories. Silver nitrate drops are no longer available and erythromycin, the only ophthalmic antibiotic eye ointment currently available for use in newborns, is of questionable efficacy. Ocular prophylaxis is not effective in preventing chlamydial conjunctivitis. Applying medication to the eyes of newborns may result in mild eye irritation and has been perceived by some parents as interfering with mother-infant bonding. Physicians caring for newborns should advocate for rescinding mandatory ocular prophylaxis laws. More effective means of preventing ophthalmia neonatorum include screening all pregnant women for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection, and treatment and follow-up of those found to be infected. Mothers who were not screened should be tested at delivery. Infants of mothers with untreated gonococcal infection at delivery should receive ceftriaxone. Infants exposed to chlamydia at delivery should be followed closely for signs of infection.     

IgE anti Hepatitis B virus surface antigen antibodies detected in serum from inner city asthmatic and non asthmatic children

Viral Hepatitis type B (HBV) is a public health concern, but has not been linked to asthma. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G is involved in HBV immune responses; less is known about IgE antibodies (Abs) against HBV in asthma. Given the importance of HBV, we sought to determine whether HBV vaccine contributes to asthma in children, by stimulating specific IgE production. Total IgE, IgE- or IgG-anti-HBVs Abs were studied in vaccinated pediatric asthmatics and non asthmatics. We found: (1) total IgE was higher in asthmatics; (2) total IgE did not correlate with IgE anti-HBVs; (3) IgE anti-HBVs did correlate with IgG-anti-HBVs in all subjects; (4)IgE- and IgG-HBVs Abs were similar in both groups; (5) IgE- or IgG anti-HBVs Abs did not correlate with age. Our findings indicate that HBV vaccination induces IgE responses in asthmatics and non asthmatics.     

左氧氟沙星联合复方沙棘籽油栓治疗沙眼衣原体宫颈炎的效果观察

目的左氧氟沙星联合复方沙棘籽油栓治疗沙眼衣原体宫颈炎患者的临床疗效进行探讨。方法将在我院接受治疗的72例沙眼衣原体宫颈炎患者随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组患者仅服用左氧氟沙星,观察组患者采取左氧氟沙星联合复方沙棘籽油栓治疗。结果两组患者的治疗总有效率对比有统计学差异(P0.05);两组患者的不良反应对比没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论治疗沙眼衣原体宫颈炎患者采取左氧氟沙星联合复方沙棘籽油栓,能够提高治疗有效率,减少不良反应。     

鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎7例

目的 分析鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎病人的临床特征,提高临床医师对鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎诊断及治疗方法的认识。方法回顾分析2021年6月至2022年2月铜陵市人民医院收治的7例鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎病人的病例资料,结合近5年该病的相关文献对比研究。结果 7例病人均为散发病例,6例在秋冬季节发病,6例病人在发病前有明确鸟类或家禽接触史。入院时常见症状包括高热（100%）、咳嗽（42.9%）、胸闷（14.3%）、纳差乏力（57.1%）、肌肉酸痛（14.3%）和腹泻（28.6%）。4例重症鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎病人均出现呼吸衰竭,其中2例出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）。实验室检查数据显示白细胞正常或略有增加,淋巴细胞绝对值下降,C-反应蛋白（CRP）明显升高（100%）,降钙素原（PCT）波动较大。多伴有肝功能损害（85.7%）,肌酐（Cr）异常（57.1%）,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）升高（100%）,肌酸激酶（CK）升高（57.1%）。多数病例合并低钾血症（71.4%）、低钠血症（85.7%）和D-二聚体升高（85.7%）。动脉血气分析提示多数病例存在氧分压（PO2）低（66.7%）,二氧化碳分压（PCO2）低（83...     

Severe <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chlamydophila psittaci</Emphasis> pneumonia rapidly diagnosed by detection of antigen in sputum with an immunochromatography assay

We report a case of severe Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci pneumonia rapidly diagnosed by detection of antigen in sputum with an immunochromatography assay. The patient was admitted to our hospital because of shock, disturbance of consciousness, accidental hypothermia, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and he recovered after administration of intravenous erythromycin and high-dose methylpredonisolone therapy. Psittacosis was confirmed by detection of 16S rRNA gene of C.psittasi in sputum with multiplex-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Serological responses to C. psittasi, C. trachomatis, and C. pneumoniae were also evaluated, and serological cross-reactivity was observed between each species. We consider that the commercially available immunochromatography assay for Chlamydia species can be helpful for rapid diagnosis of Chlamydia infection of the respiratory tract. Hereafter, further examination will be necessary regarding pretreatment of specimens or detection sensitivity and specificity.