国产替罗非班对急性心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗术后冠状动脉血流和心肌灌注影响的研究

目的：急性心肌梗死患者急诊直接经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗(PCI)术中应用国产血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa 受体拮抗剂替罗非班,评价替罗非班对术后冠脉血流和心肌灌注的影响。方法：2004年8月～2005年5月,共50例接受急诊直接 PCI 治疗的急性心肌梗死患者纳入研究,其中男性34例,女性16例,年龄43～73(60.2±19.1)岁,随机分为替罗非班组和对照组,两组各25例。比较两组间的基础临床状况、造影情况、介入治疗结果以及住院期间随访情况,术后即刻对病变血管行心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)分级、计算校正的 TIMI 计帧数和心肌 Blush 分级。结果：两组一般情况、基础临床情况和造影、介入资料均无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。术后 TIMI 3级获得率未见显著性差异(96%和88%,P＞0.05),但替罗非班组的校正的 TIMI 计帧数明显低于对照组(22.8±8.9帧和30.9±3.4帧,P ＜0.05)；而 Blush 3级获得率则显著高于对照组(72.0%和32.0%,P＜0.01)。同时,替罗非班组术后肌酸激酶峰值浓度较对照组低[(1862.9±301.0)IU/L 和(2302.3±582.6)IU/L,P＜0.05],术后90分钟心电图相关导联 ST 段回落幅度较对照组大[(63.2±13.3)%和(40.9±12.9)%,P＜0.05]。两组住院期间主要心血管事件发生率无显著性差异(P ＞0.05)。替罗非班组出血发生率高于对照组,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论：初步研究表明,急性心肌梗死患者急诊直接 PCI 术中联合应用国产替罗非班是安全的,可以改善 PCI 术后的冠脉血流和心肌灌注,其对临床结果的影响值得进一步研究。  

A prospective survey of the characteristics, treatments and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in Europe and the Mediterranean basin; the Euro Heart Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes (Euro Heart Survey ACS).

AIMS: To better delineate the characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in representative countries across Europe and the Mediterranean basin, and to examine adherence to current guidelines. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a prospective survey (103 hospitals, 25 countries) of 10484 patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes. The initial diagnosis was ST elevation ACS in 42.3%, non-ST elevation ACS in 51.2%, and undetermined electrocardiogram ACS in 6.5%. The discharge diagnosis was Q wave myocardial infarction in 32.8%, non-Q wave myocardial infarction in 25.3%, and unstable angina in 41.9%. The use of aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and heparins for patients with ST elevation ACS were 93.0%, 77.8%, 62.1%, and 86.8%, respectively, with corresponding rates of 88.5%, 76.6%, 55.8%, and 83.9% for non-ST elevation ACS patients. Coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary interventions, and coronary bypass surgery were performed in 56.3%, 40.4%, and 3.4% of ST elevation ACS patients, respectively, with corresponding rates of 52.0%, 25.4%, and 5.4% for non-ST elevation ACS patients. Among patients with ST elevation ACS, 55.8% received reperfusion treatment; 35.1% fibrinolytic therapy and 20.7% primary percutaneous coronary interventions. The in-hospital mortality of patients with ST elevation ACS was 7.0%, for non-ST elevation ACS 2.4%, and for undetermined electrocardiogram ACS 11.8%. At 30 days, mortality was 8.4%, 3.5%, and 13.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This survey demonstrates the discordance between existing guidelines for ACS and current practice across a broad region in Europe and the Mediterranean basin and more extensively reflects the outcomes of ACS in real practice in this region.  

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗冠状动脉造影无复流的相关因素

目的　探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (percutaneouscoronaryinterventions,PCI)冠状动脉(冠脉 )造影无复流现象的相关因素。方法　自 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 10月 ,回顾性分析 4 97例急诊PCI病人的临床和冠脉造影资料 ,冠脉造影无复流病人 5 8例 ,由其余的 4 39例急诊PCI冠脉前向血流TIMI 3级的病人中随机抽取 6 0例 ,为正常血流组。运用Logistic回归分析无复流的相关因素。结果　无复流的发生率为 12 6 %。单因素分析表明 :糖尿病、症状开始到再灌注的时间、梗死前心绞痛、Kil lip心功能分级、Q波计数、室壁运动积分差异有显著性。而多因素Logistic回归分析表明 :症状开始到再灌注的时间、梗死前心绞痛、Killip心功能分级、Q波计数是无复流的相关因素。结论　大面积心肌坏死、严重的心肌损害、心功能不全和症状开始到再灌注的时间长 ,可能会促使无复流的形成 ;梗死前心绞痛可能减少无复流的发生。而冠心病的危险因素与无复流没有相关性。  

川芎嗪防治冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术后再狭窄的临床研究

目的　探讨中药川芎嗪防治经皮冠状动脉介入术 (PCI)后再狭窄的作用。方法　对 16 5例首次接受 PCI治疗的冠心病 (CAD)患者随机分为服用川芎嗪组和对照组。观察两组临床症状、心功能 (NYHA)状况并复查心电图、超声心动图和检验指标 ,部分病例行冠状动脉造影复查。术后随访 6～ 12个月。结果　术前和术中两组在冠心病危险因素、病变特点和手术参数等方面无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。经 6～ 12个月随访 ,川芎嗪组再狭窄发生率(4 1.6 7% )明显低于对照组 (76 .19% ) ,P<0 .0 5。两组患者均未见服药不良影响。结论　川芎嗪具有防治 PCI术后再狭窄的良好临床效果 ,本研究为我国传统中药应用于 PCI术后再狭窄开辟了一条中西医结合的道路。  

大剂量阿托伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征的调脂及抗炎作用

目的探讨40 mg/d阿托伐他汀对急性冠状动脉综合征行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者的调脂及抗炎作用。方法将92例急性冠状动脉综合征行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者随机均分为两组,对照组给予阿托伐他汀10 mg/d,试验组给予阿托伐他汀40 mg/d,用药后4、12、24周检测两组患者血脂、血清中超敏C反应蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶9浓度,对比两组调脂及抗炎作用差异。结果①用药后12周,试验组患者血清总胆固醇较对照组显著降低(P<0.05);用药后24周,试验组患者血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均较对照组显著降低(P<0.01)。②用药后12周,试验组患者血清基质金属蛋白酶9较对照组显著降低(P<0.01);用药后24周,试验组患者血清超敏C反应蛋白较对照组显著降低(P<0.05)。③降脂强度与病人的血清超敏C反应蛋白和基质金属蛋白酶9的浓度下降趋势呈线性正相关。④随访期内两组心脏事件发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论①服用阿托伐他汀40 mg/d安全可靠。②服用阿托伐他汀40 mg/d可显著提高急性冠状动脉综合征患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后血脂达标率。③服用阿托伐他汀40 mg/d对炎症因子血清基质金属蛋白酶9和血清超敏C反应蛋白具有更强抑制作用。  

Impact of angina class on inhibition of platelet aggregation following clopidogrel loading in patients undergoing coronary intervention: Do we need more aggressive dosing regimens in unstable angina?

Pretreatment with thienopyridines has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We determine the impact of angina class on inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) following clopidogrel loading. Seventy-two patients (mean age, 64 +/- 11 years; 76% male) were pretreated with 450 mg of clopidogrel at least 3 hr prior to PCI. All patients received ASA 325 mg prior to the procedure. Patients were classified into two groups according to angina class: group 1 = stable angina or Braunwald class 1 unstable angina (UA; n = 33); group 2 = Braunwald class 2 or 3 UA (n = 39). IPA was measured prior to PCI, with the Ichor point-of-care platelet analyzer (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX), using 20 microM of ADP. Group 2 patients were more likely to have prior MI (54% vs. 27%; P = 0.023), prior CABG (33% vs. 5%; P = 0.046), and received IV heparin (64% vs. 27%; P = 0.0018). Mean IPA was significantly lower in group 2 compared to group 1 (19% +/- 22% vs. 32% +/- 22%; P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, higher angina class was independently associated with lower IPA (P = 0.018). Patients with UA undergoing PCI have a lower IPA following clopidogrel loading with 450 mg. This may indicate the possibility of clopidogrel resistance in such patients.  

Individual variations of platelet inhibition after loading doses of clopidogrel

Abstract . Järemo P, Lindahl TL, Fransson SG, Richter A (Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden). Individual variations of platelet inhibition after loading doses of clopidogrel. J Intern Med 2002; 252: 233–238. Objective. To investigate individual variations of platelet inhibition after clopidogrel‐loading doses. Setting. Department of Cardiology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. Subjects. Individuals with stable angina pectoris (n = 18) subject to percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and subsequent stenting were investigated. Methods and experimental protocol. A 300‐mg clopidogrel loading dose was administrated immediately after stenting (day 1) followed by an additional 75 mg clopidogrel after 24 h (day 2). The ADP‐evoked platelet fibrinogen binding was analysed to estimate platelet reactivity immediately before angiography and on day 2. A flow cytometry technique was used with two ADP solutions (final concentrations 0.6 and 1.7 μmol L⁻¹) employed as platelet activating agents. Soluble P‐selectin was used as a marker of platelet activity. Results. When using 1.7 μmol L⁻¹ ADP to activate platelets four individuals had a strong inhibition (i.e. platelet reactivity <10% of the day 1‐value day 2). In contrast, five patients demonstrated a weak inhibition (i.e. platelet reactivity >60% of the day 1‐value day 2). Similar results were obtained when using 0.6 μmol L⁻¹ ADP as a platelet‐activating agent. Clopidogrel, however, fails to suppress platelet activity as estimated from soluble P‐selectin. Conclusions. Clopidogrel evoked platelet inhibition exhibits a considerable individual heterogeneity. Some individuals only had weak responses whereas others displayed strong platelet inhibition. The present flow cytometry technique appears suitable for identifying patients with abnormal reactions after clopidogrel exposure.  

急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗与静脉溶栓后急诊介入治疗的比较研究

目的　探讨联合应用尿激酶静脉溶栓与急诊介入疗法治疗急性心肌梗死 (AMI)的有效性和安全性。方法　 5 2例发病≤ 12h的首次AMI患者随机分为溶栓 +经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)组 (2 6例 )和直接PCI组 (2 6例 ) ,对两组患者介入治疗前梗死相关血管 (IRA)通畅率、介入治疗成功率、出血并发症发生率、住院期间急性缺血事件发生率及出院前左心室功能 (LVEF)进行比较。结果　介入治疗前溶栓 +PCI组IRA通畅率 (6 1 5 %)显著高于直接PCI组 (19 2 %) (P <0 0 5 ) ,两组介入治疗成功率均为 10 0 %,其中TIMIⅢ级血流者分别为 96 2 %和 91 5 %(P >0 0 5 ) ;住院期间两组均无严重出血及急性缺血事件发生 ,出院前经超声心动图测得LVEF在溶栓 +PCI组为 (6 4 3± 5 6 ) %,明显高于直接PCI组 (5 4 8± 4 9) %(P <0 0 1)。结论　尿激酶静脉溶栓联合急诊介入疗法治疗AMI早期再通率高 ,更有利于保护左室功能 ,不增加出血并发症。  

冠状动脉内注射山莨菪碱对急性心肌梗死介入治疗后缓再血流现象的作用

目的:评价冠状动脉内应用山莨菪碱对急性心肌梗死(AMI)经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI,含经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术和支架置入术)后梗死相关动脉(IRA)缓再血流现象(slowreflowphenomenon,SRP)的疗效及其安全性。方法:121例AMI直接PCI后再通的IRA存在SRP患者21例,先以硝酸甘油200μg冠状动脉内注入(确认SRP)作为对照,10min后继以冠状动脉内注入山莨菪碱500μg(2min内),于给药后1、3、10min行冠状动脉造影(CAG)。应用Gibon的TIMI血流计帧法和QCA测量系统分别行硝酸甘油和山莨菪碱冠状动脉内给药后不同时间点IRA再通后血流速率帧数和管腔直径的定量分析比较。结果:①术后基础对照与硝酸甘油给药1、3、10min时CAG血流帧数比较无明显变化(P>0.05);山莨菪碱给药后1、3和10min时CAG血流帧数分别较给药前减少58.3%,56.2%和54.6%(均P<0.01),平均TIMI血流增加从(1.76±0.43)级到(2.71±0.46)级,P<0.05;②冠状动脉内给予山莨菪碱后3min时开通IRA中段管径亦较前略有增加[(3.2±0.4)mm∶(3.4±0.5)mm,P>0.05];③山莨菪碱冠状动脉内给药后10min内连续监测冠状动脉内压、外周血压、PR间期、QT间期和QRS时限各参数与给药前比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。心率较用药前增加了15～19次/min,但未引起严重的心动过速和心律失常。结论:冠状动脉内应用山莨菪碱500μg可改善AMI直接PCI后SRP,且安全易行,可作为治疗IRA开通后SRP的有效药物之一。  

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的无再流现象

无再流现象 (no reflowphenomenon)是指冠状动脉闭塞 ,血流中断后重新恢复血流 ,却无心肌组织的有效灌注的现象 ,可发生于溶栓治疗及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)术后。本文就PCI术后无再流现象的发生情况、机制、检测、预防和处理等方面的研究进展进行了综述。