基于正交试验的肾造瘘管固定方案研究

目的 探讨基于正交试验的肾造瘘管不同固定方案的比较效果。方法 将14Fr硅胶肾造瘘管固定在聚乙烯展板和拉力显示器上，以固定材料、固定方法、面积为3个影响因素，每个因素3个水平，每组进行3次试验再求平均值作为最后拉力值F，共进行9个固定方案共27次试验。利用L9（33）正交试验矩阵研究不同材料（医用橡皮膏、医用透气胶带、医用无纺布胶带）、固定方法（交叉固定法、“工”字固定法和改良“工”字固定法）及面积(16 cm2、24 cm2、32 cm2）对肾造瘘管固定强度的影响。结果 正交试验所选的3种影响因素中，对拉力值影响显著性排序为：材料＞方法＞面积；3种固定材料中，医用橡皮膏固定强度最大。结论 肾造瘘管固定方案中，最佳固定组合为以医用橡皮膏结合改良“工”字法固定，可为临床管道固定方案的选择提供参考。     

The association of early postoperative desaturation in the operating theatre with hospital discharge to a skilled nursing or long-term care facility

It is unclear which criteria should be used to define readiness for tracheal extubation in the operating theatre. We studied the effects of desaturation in the operating theatre immediately after tracheal extubation on long-term outcomes. Performing a pre-specified, retrospective analysis of 71,025 cases involving previously independent adults undergoing non-cardiac surgery, we evaluated the association between desaturation events (oxygen saturation < 90%) within 10 min of tracheal extubation and adverse discharge (to a skilled nursing facility or long-term care facility). A total of 404 (12.3%) cases with, and 5035 (7.4%) cases without, early postoperative desaturation had an adverse discharge. Early postoperative desaturation was associated with higher odds of being discharged to a nursing facility (adjusted odds ratio 1.36 (95%CI 1.20–1.54); p < 0.001). Increased duration of desaturation augmented the effect (p for trend < 0.001). Desaturation was associated with a higher risk of respiratory, renal and cardiovascular complications as well as increased duration of hospital stay, postoperative intensive care unit admission frequency and cost. Several modifiable factors were associated with desaturation including: high intra-operative long-acting opioid administration; high neostigmine dose; high intra-operative inspired oxygen concentration; and low oxygen delivery immediately before tracheal extubation. There was substantial provider variability between anaesthetists in the incidence of postoperative desaturation unexplained by patient- and procedure-related factors. Early postoperative desaturation is a potentially preventable complication associated with a higher risk of adverse discharge disposition. Anaesthetists may consider developing guidelines to define tracheal extubation readiness that contain postoperative desaturation as an adverse outcome after tracheal extubation.     

Is routine extubation overnight safe in cardiac surgery patients?

Objectives

Expedient extubation after cardiac surgery has been associated with improved outcomes, leading to postoperative extubation frequently during overnight hours. However, recent evidence in a mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit population demonstrated worse outcomes with overnight extubation. This study investigated the impact of overnight extubation in a statewide, multicenter Society of Thoracic Surgeons database.

ICU气管插管患者自主呼吸试验通过后拔管失败原因分析

目的:分析ICU气管插管患者通过自主呼吸试验后拔管失败的原因,总结经验以减少I CU气管插管拔管后48h内再插管率。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年12月,我院ICU收治的气管插管通过自主呼吸试验(SBT)后仍拔管失败的16例患者的临床资料。结果:吞咽功能障碍6例,精神因素3例,运动神经元病3例,声门水肿2例,格林巴利综合征1例,会厌畸形1例。结论:自主呼吸试验指导撤机存在局限性,了解撤机过程中各种失败的原因,并进行针对性预处理,可降低ICU气管插管拔管后48h内再插管率。     

中医护理联合康复训练对气管切开患者康复效果的临床研究

目的:观察中医护理联合康复训练应用于气管切开患者的临床疗效。方法:随机选择住院且行气管切开患者80例,按照护理方法不同分为对照组与观察组,各40例。对照组给予常规治疗与护理;观察组在对照组的基础上加用康复训练与中医护理,观察疗程为6周;记录2组肺部感染人数,评价2组呼吸系统症状疗效及治疗前后症状评分;统计2组拔管成功率。结果:肺部感染率观察组为2.5%,对照组为17.5%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。呼吸系统症状疗效总有效率观察组为92.5%,对照组为62.5%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。治疗后,2组患者呼吸系统症状咳嗽、喘息、胸膈满闷、咳痰等评分均较治疗前明显下降(P <0.05),且观察组各项评分均低于对照组(P <0.05)。拔管成功率观察组为67.5%,对照组为42.5%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论:气管切开后治疗期间实施康复训练与中医护理,可较好地改善患者呼吸系统症状,加速患者康复,降低肺部感染发生率,提高拔管成功率。     

中心静脉导管维护每日核查表的设计及临床应用

目的通过设计中心静脉导管维护"每日核查表"以加强护理人员对中心静脉导管护理的操作规范,降低导管相关并发症的发生。方法选择2016年10月至2017年9月在广州两家三级甲等综合医院使用"每日核查表"进行护理的留置中心静脉导管的住院患者1500例为观察组;回顾性统计2015年10月至2016年9月在这两家医院住院未使用"每日核查表"进行护理的留置中心静脉导管的住院患者1500例为对照组。观察及比较两组患者中心静脉导管相关血流感染(central line associated blood stream infection,CLABSI)、非计划性拔管(unplanned extubation,UEX)发生情况及使用"每日核查表"前后护士导管维护规范操作执行情况。结果观察组CLABSI发生率和UEX发生率分别为0.47%、0.73%低于对照组的0.87%和1.06%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^2分别为6.83、8.62,P<0.05)。使用"每日核查表"后护士导管维护规范操作总的执行率为98.21%较"每日核查表"前83.04%高,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=17.90,P<0.01)。结论采用"每日核查表",有效地提高了中心静脉导管维护措施的落实,降低了中心静脉导管相关性血流感染和非计划性拔管的发生率,保证了患者安全。该方法简单、可操作性强,护士接受程度高,值得临床推广应用。     

Tracheal intubation

Tracheal intubation is the act of placing a tube into the trachea thus enabling oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. Intubation is the most reliable method of maintaining an airway under anaesthesia, and for protecting against aspiration of stomach contents. Traditionally, intubation is achieved by direct visualization of the glottis, but indirect laryngoscopy (via a videolaryngoscope) has become a common alternative. Prior to embarking upon intubation, a thorough patient history and examination must be undertaken by the laryngoscopist; equipment must be prepared and checked; a trained assistant present; and an experienced anaesthetist available in case assistance is required. Once the endotracheal tube has been placed, correct positioning must be confirmed via both clinical examination and monitoring, which must include capnography. Tracheal intubation is a procedure that should only be undertaken by trained operators and is not without risk. It is important to note that it is failure to oxygenate patients rather than failure to intubate that ultimately leads to serious morbidity and mortality. The Difficult Airway Society has produced guidelines on how to manage unanticipated difficulty in tracheal intubation; it is essential that every practitioner trained to intubate patients is familiar with these algorithms and the key principles of safe airway management.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎危重型患者拔除气管插管的影响因素

目的 研究影响新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)危重型患者拔除气管插管成功的相关因素。方法回顾性分析收治的69例因 COVID-19需行气管插管有创机械通气的危重型患者,根据患者拔管是否成功分为两组,比较两组患者基本临床资料、气管插管时相关实验室检查动态变化,并利用单因素和多因素logistic分析影响拔除气管插管的因素。结果69例COVID-19患者中,有46例(66.7%)拔管失败。拔管失败患者插管当天血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和D-二聚体明显高于拔管成功患者（P<0.05）。住院期间,拔管失败组患者血小板计数和血红蛋白明显下降（P＜0.05）。单因素logistic回归分析发现插管当天LDH>400 U/L、D-二聚体>4 g/L,住院期间血小板和肌红蛋白水平恶化是拔管失败的预后因素。多因素回归分析显示血小板水平下降是拔管失败的独立预后因素(OR=6.05,P=0.012)。结论血小板减少可能是影响COVID-19危重患者拔管结局的重要因素。LDH>400 U/L和D-二聚体> 4 g/L可以帮助临床医生早期预测拔管失败的患者。此外,住院期间患者发生血小板减少或肌红蛋白水平升高可以用来预测拔管的结局。