眼科检查在神经遗传性疾病诊断及评估中的应用

神经遗传性疾病在临床上较罕见,且常因有多系统受累,临床表现复杂多变,故在疾病诊断,尤其在散发的不典型病例中更为困难。眼部,尤其是视网膜为中枢神经系统可视窗口,因其从胚胎期的神经管发育而来的,故在神经遗传性疾病中多有受累。利用眼底照相、光学相干层析成像(OCT)等常见眼科检查,可发现特征性的眼部改变。本文主要按照解剖分类,从眼球壁(角膜、巩膜、虹膜和脉络膜、视网膜)、眼内容物(玻璃体、晶状体)及视神经等几个方面,综述常见的有特征性眼部改变神经遗传性疾病,以提高临床医师对眼科检查在此类疾病中应用的认识,促进疾病的诊断。     

肌骨超声在腰痛诊断中的应用

腰痛已成为世界范围内主要的公共健康问题,常规的腰痛影像学检查会反复地对患者造成辐射伤害,并且存在一定的漏诊、误诊的可能性,延误治疗时机。肌骨超声是一种非侵入性的成像方法,具有安全、无创的特点,并且价格低廉,已经作为常用的腰痛辅助筛查手段。通过对腰痛的常规影像学检查手段进行分析比较,全面阐述肌骨超声在腰痛的诊断及康复过程中的价值,为更好地促进腰痛的诊断和康复提供理论基础。     

PBL教学法在临床实习护士查房中的应用

目的探讨PBL教学法在临床实习护士查房中的应用。方法选取2018年1月-2018年11月于本院实习的42例护士作为研究对象,按照查房方法的差异分为对照组(21例)与观察组(21例),对照组采用传统查房法,观察组采用PBL教学法。比较两组护理业务成绩、临床各项评价指标得分情况以及对护理查房业务的掌握程度。结果观察组临床护理业务兴趣、自主学习能力、学习效率、回答问题踊跃程度等各项指标得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组理论考试、实操训练、病历书写等临床各项评价指标得分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组对护理查房业务的掌握程度为95.2%,高于对照组的61.9%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在临床护理业务查房中应用教学法,建议采纳PBL教学法,在提高实习护士理论知识、提升业务水平和综合能力方面价值显著。     

Optimised gynaecological examination with a new pelvic examination chair

ObjectiveThe present aim was to contribute to improving the traditional pelvic examination chair with vertical leg support and to evaluate patients’ and examiners’ experience of a new gyneacological and urological examination chair with heated upholstery.Study designA new gynaecological and urological examination chair was constructed with laterally adjustable leg support, a foot-plate and the perineum exposed only during the examination procedure. Patients (n = 131) with or without endometriosis were invited to participate in an anonymous questionnaire survey concerning how they experienced a gynaecological examination.Main outcome measuresThe patients and the gynaecologists who performed the examinations answered questionnaires evaluating the examination procedure in the traditional and in the new gynaecological and urological examination chair, respectively. The questionnaires asked about comfort, heating, integrity and the experience of pelvic examination with vertical or lateral leg support. The examination times were measured with a stop-watch.ResultsThe majority of the answers (n = 131) were significantly (p < 0.05–0.001) in favour of the new concept with lateral leg support and with increased comfort and integrity. The average examination time was significantly shortened and the patients more relaxed in the new gynaecological and urological examination chair.ConclusionThe traditional gynaecological chair with vertical leg support has remained basically unchanged for many years. The present study showed that the pelvic examination procedure can be significantly optimized with easy patient-friendly adaptations.     

Reliability of Cervicocephalic Proprioception Assessment: A Systematic Review

ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review was to determine the reliability and, where possible, the validity of cervicocephalic proprioceptive (CCP) tests in healthy adults and clinical populations.MethodsA systematic search, utilizing 7 databases from the earliest possible date to April 14, 2021, identified studies that measured reliability of CCP tests. Studies were screened for eligibility, and included studies were appraised using Quality Appraisal Tool for Studies of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) and Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 Tool (QUADAS-2) tools. Validity outcomes were assessed for included studies.ResultsOf 34 included studies, 29 investigated reliability for sense of position tests, 10 involved sense of movement tests, and 1 used a sense of force test. The head to neutral test was reliable and valid when 6 or more repetitions were performed within the test, discriminating between those with and without neck pain. Head tracking tests were reliable with 6 repetitions, and 1 study found discriminative validity in a whiplash population. Studies that found discriminative validity in sense of position reported mean joint position error generally >4.5° in the neck pain group and <4.5° in the asymptomatic group. No sense of force test was applied to a clinical population. Convergent validity analysis showed that these proprioceptive tests have low correlations with each other.ConclusionThe reliability and validity of CCP tests for sense of position and movement are dependent upon equipment and repetitions. Six repetitions are generally required for good reliability, and joint position error >4.5° is likely to indicate impairment in sense of position.