Toxicity evaluation of single and chemical mixtures of roundup,Garlon-3A, 2,4-D,and syndets surfactant to channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), bluegill sunfish (Lepomis microchirus), and crawfish (Procambarus spp.)

The acute toxicity of individual and mixtures of three herbicides (2,4-D, Garlon-3A, and Roundup) and a chemical additive (Syndets surfactant) was evaluated using three species of freshwater organisms (channel catfish, bluegill sunfish, and crawfish). Among the three herbicides, Roundup was more toxic to catfish and bluegill than Garlon-3A and 2,4-D. The order of toxicity in fish (Roundup > Garlon-3A > 2,4-D) was reversed in bioassays with crawfish, indicating a significant difference in interspecies (vertebrate vs invertebrate) biological variability. Adjusted 96 h LC₅₀'s were 14.5, 13.0, and 21,632.8 mg/L for Roundup, 109.5, 91.0, and 6,397.5 mg/L for Garlon-3A, and 181.2, 266.3, and 750.1 mg/L for 2,4-D, for catfish, bluegill, and crawfish, respectively. For Syndets surfactant, LC₅₀ values of 1.9 mg/L (bluegill), 2.3 mg/L (catfish), and 15.2 mg/L (crawfish) were recorded, indicating that this chemical additive was much more toxic than the three herbicides. Bioassays with herbicide mixtures resulted in combined toxic effects that were slightly antagonistic and/or additive. Lethal concentrations of herbicide mixtures were found to be lower than recommended field formulations, but it was anticipated that such hazardous amounts would be rarely reached in roadside ditches where the presence of large volumes of water is likely to provide dilutions to levels that may not pose a threat to aquatic life. ©1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 12 : 237–243, 1997     

虾稻连作为主的综合措施控制血吸虫病效果

目的评价虾稻连作综合治理措施控制血吸虫病的效果。方法回顾性分析2004～2008年潜江市积玉口镇9个流行村实施虾稻连作为主综合措施后的螺情、病情及经济收入资料。结果与2004年相比,2008年9个村人群感染率、耕牛感染率、钉螺面积、活螺密度以及钉螺感染率分别下降了49.33%、73.59%、75.73%、75.00%和90.00%,农业产值及人均收入分别增加了3.29倍和1.00倍。结论虾稻连作综合治理措施能有效控制血吸虫病流行,提高经济效益。