Reliability of Cervicocephalic Proprioception Assessment: A Systematic Review

ObjectiveThe purpose of this systematic review was to determine the reliability and, where possible, the validity of cervicocephalic proprioceptive (CCP) tests in healthy adults and clinical populations.MethodsA systematic search, utilizing 7 databases from the earliest possible date to April 14, 2021, identified studies that measured reliability of CCP tests. Studies were screened for eligibility, and included studies were appraised using Quality Appraisal Tool for Studies of Diagnostic Reliability (QAREL) and Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 Tool (QUADAS-2) tools. Validity outcomes were assessed for included studies.ResultsOf 34 included studies, 29 investigated reliability for sense of position tests, 10 involved sense of movement tests, and 1 used a sense of force test. The head to neutral test was reliable and valid when 6 or more repetitions were performed within the test, discriminating between those with and without neck pain. Head tracking tests were reliable with 6 repetitions, and 1 study found discriminative validity in a whiplash population. Studies that found discriminative validity in sense of position reported mean joint position error generally >4.5° in the neck pain group and <4.5° in the asymptomatic group. No sense of force test was applied to a clinical population. Convergent validity analysis showed that these proprioceptive tests have low correlations with each other.ConclusionThe reliability and validity of CCP tests for sense of position and movement are dependent upon equipment and repetitions. Six repetitions are generally required for good reliability, and joint position error >4.5° is likely to indicate impairment in sense of position.     

刮痧力度及时间间隔对刮痧效果的影响

目的:观察不同力度对刮痧效果的影响,初步探讨刮痧的作用机制以及效应周期,进一步探究刮痧治疗的最佳间隔时间。方法:用自制的特殊刮痧板控制使刮痧频次等参数保持一致,分别以1N、3N和9N的力进行刮痧,通过ELISA方法检测刮痧后IL-1α、IL-6的变化,结合皮肤HE染色法探究不同力度刮痧对机体的影响,选择适合的刮痧力度,通过血常规和流式细胞术检测刮痧后不同时间点的白细胞总数、淋巴细胞总数及T细胞亚群等的变化,初步探讨刮痧的作用机制和效应周期。结果:1N的力度刮痧未引起明显的变化,9N的力度刮痧造成了较严重的皮肤损伤和大量炎性反应因子释放,3N的力度刮痧较为适中,引起了机体适度的应激反应。以3N的力度刮痧后,血液中白细胞总数和淋巴细胞总数及IL-1α、IL-6缓慢升高,在1 h到24 h之间达到峰值,之后缓慢下降,在72 h左右恢复正常水平。结论:3N的力比较适合于刮痧实验,在刮痧之后1 h到24 h,刮痧对免疫系统的增强作用达到峰值,在72 h左右回归正常值,初步提示可以开始下一次刮痧治疗。