Assessment and management of the predicted difficult airway in babies and children

Although it is essential to take a history and examine every child prior to airway management, preoperative anticipation of a difficult airway is not totally reliable and therefore it is wise to be prepared for the unexpected difficult airway. Information about the airway can be gained from previous medical records, current history, physical examination and other tests. A natural consequence of airway assessment is development of an airway plan. Important anatomical and physiological features may be identified in an airway assessment which can then have a direct influence on the subsequent airway plan. Managing the predicted difficult airway is usually elective. This allows proper preparation of equipment, assistants, expertise and the environment required for the airway plan. This article will discuss paediatric airway assessment, outline those features that contribute to airway difficulty, and identify indications and risk factors associated with various airway techniques. Key objectives for an airway management plan are to maintain oxygenation and avoid trauma. This involves adopting techniques that avoid hypoxia and provide a high success rate with minimum attempts.     

Laparoendoscopic Single-site Surgery for Comprehensive Staging of Early Ovarian Cancer

Study ObjectiveTo demonstrate the procedure and suspension skills of laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) staging surgery with infrarenal para-aortic lymphadenectomy for early-stage ovarian cancer.DesignA presentation of the surgery through this technical video.SettingA hospital.Patient and InterventionsA 45-year-old woman presented with a pelvic mass on gynecologic examination and a serum cancer antigen 125 level of 5910 U/mL (normal = <35 U/mL). A computed tomographic scan revealed a mixture of solid and cystic components (70 × 77 × 71 mm) arising from the right ovary and characterized by the “ovarian vascular pelvic” sign. Clinically early-stage ovarian cancer was suspected. Subsequently, LESS staging surgery was performed by an experienced surgeon in our department.ResultsThe surgery lasted 280 minutes, and the volume of blood loss was 50 mL; there were no intra- or postoperative complications. We “hid” the incision perfectly for cosmetic purposes. The histopathologic findings supported high-grade serous ovarian cancer of the right ovary with the left fallopian tube involved as well. In addition, a total of 34 negative pelvic and 18 negative para-aortic lymph nodes were identified, and a stage of IIA was diagnosed as a result.ConclusionWe performed an LESS staging surgery for early-stage ovarian cancer successfully. Our video shows that the LESS approach provided feasible, cosmetic, and safe access among the selected malignant gynecologic surgery. Therefore, we have experienced that the effective suspension was an auxiliary measure for LESS lymphadenectomy. In addition, compared with multiport laparoscopy, the LESS approach could provide easier access to infrarenal para-aortic regions; furthermore, it was safe and quick to extract an unknown sample.     

脾氨肽口服冻干粉联合布地奈德治疗小儿支气管肺炎的疗效观察

目的探讨脾氨肽口服冻干粉联合布地奈德治疗小儿支气管肺炎的临床疗效与安全性。方法选取2016年5月—2017年5月在武汉大学人民医院诊治的小儿支气管肺炎患儿154例,根据治疗方案不同分成对照组和治疗组,每组各77例。对照组患儿雾化吸入吸入用布地奈德混悬液,1 mg/次,2次/d;治疗组患儿在对照组的基础上口服脾氨肽口服冻干粉,2 mg/次。两组患儿均连续治疗7 d。观察两组患儿临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组患儿临床症状消退时间、肺功能、血气分析指标和不良反应情况。结果治疗后,对照组临床总有效率为85.71%,显著低于治疗组的96.10%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,治疗组患儿肺部啰音消失时间、咳嗽消失时间及退热时间等均显著短于对照组患儿(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患儿静息通气量(MV)、潮气量(VT)和动脉血氧分压(p O2)显著升高(P0.05),动脉二氧化碳分压(p CO2)显著降低(P0.05),且治疗组肺功能和血气分析指标明显优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗期间,治疗组不良反应发生率为2.60%,明显低于对照组的12.99%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脾氨肽口服冻干粉联合布地奈德治疗小儿支气管肺炎疗效明显,能够显著改善患儿的肺功能及缺氧状态,安全性好,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

谢强中医围手术期平衡康复疗法结合电子喉镜手术治疗声带息肉60例疗效观察

目的:比较谢强中医围手术期平衡康复疗法结合电子喉镜手术与电子喉镜手术结合药物治疗声带息肉的疗效差异。方法:将120例声带息肉患者随机分为两组,每组60例。试验组电子喉镜手术前均予以"开音1号"和"开音2号"穴、内关穴、三阴交穴针刺;术后予以"开音1号"和"开音2号"穴、合谷穴、足三里穴针刺。对照组采用电子喉镜手术,术后口服抗生素及激素治疗。两组均治疗10d。结果:两组患者疗效比较,治疗后两组症状总积分均下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),且试验组症状总积分的改善优于对照组(P<0.05);试验组愈显率为95%,优于对照组的65%(P<0.05)。结论:谢氏围手术期中医平衡康复疗法结合电子喉镜手术治疗声带息肉优于电子喉镜手术结合药物治疗。     

TruviewEV02喉镜与Macintosh喉镜用于颈椎活动受限患者气管插管的对比研究

目的评价Truview EVO,喉镜与Macintosh喉镜用于颈椎活动受限患者气管插管的临床应用情况。方法择期颈椎活动受限经口气管插管全麻手术49例,静脉麻醉诱导后,随机先后使用TruviewEVO2喉镜与Macintosh喉镜显露喉部,并采用喉部暴露条件好的喉镜行气管插管。比较2种喉镜Cormack．Lehane（C-L）分级,喉部结构显露时间和声门显露时血流动力学改变。结果TruviewEVO,喉镜组c-L分级显著优于Macintosh喉镜组（Z=-5．488,P=0．000）,喉部结构显露时间明显长于Macintosh喉镜组[（15．9±6．7）Svs．（12．3±4．5）S,t=4．304,P=0．000]。2种喉镜声门显露时HR、SBP、MAP变化无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论TruviewEVO,喉镜用于颈椎活动受限患者气管插管效果明显优于Macintosh喉镜,可提高气管插管成功率,对于部分困难气道患者具有较好的应用价值。     

鼾症患者使用三种不同可视喉镜行经口气管插管的比较

目的探讨Clarus可视喉镜、HPHJ-A视频喉镜和Airtraq可视喉镜在鼾症患者经口气管插管中的应用价值。方法选择拟行择期手术的鼾症患者90例,男39例,女51例,年龄22~55岁,BMI 25~29 kg/m2,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为三组:Clarus可视喉镜组(C组)、HPHJ-A视频喉镜组(H组)和Airtraq可视喉镜组(A组),每组30例。记录插管时间、首次插管成功率。记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管前(T1)、插管后即刻(T2)、插管后1 min(T3)、3 min(T4)时的HR、MAP、心率-收缩压乘积(RPP),记录咽喉损伤和出血情况。结果 C组均成功插管,H组插管失败有2例,A组插管失败有1例,后经Clarus可视喉镜均插管成功。C组插管完成时间明显长于H组和A组(P0.05),三组插管尝试次数差异无统计学意义。与T0时比较,T1时三组HR明显减慢,MAP、RPP明显降低(P0.05)。与T1时比较,T2时三组HR明显增快、MAP、RPP明显升高(P0.05),T3时H组和A组HR明显增快,三组MAP和RPP明显升高(P0.05)。T2时C组HR明显慢于H组和A组,RPP明显低于H组和A组(P0.05)。三组咽喉损伤和出血情况等不良反应差异无统计学意义。结论对于鼾症患者行经口气管插管时,与HPHJ-A视频喉镜和Airtraq可视喉镜比较,Clarus可视喉镜所需张口度要求低,血流动力学影响小,但插管所需时间较长,在预防咽喉损伤上并无明显优势。     

参贝北瓜膏联合丙酸倍氯米松治疗儿童支气管哮喘的临床研究

目的 观察参贝北瓜膏联合丙酸倍氯米松治疗儿童哮喘急性发作期的临床疗效。方法 纳入2021年1月—2022年6月唐山市工人医院收治的160例哮喘急性发作期患儿为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,每组各80例。对照组雾化吸入吸入用丙酸倍氯米松混悬液,2 mL/次,2次/d。治疗组口服加用参贝北瓜膏,8 g/次,3次/d。两组患儿治疗14 d。观察两组患儿临床疗效,比较治疗前后两组患儿症状改善时间,肺功能指标第1秒用力呼气末容积（FEV1）、最大肺活量（FVC）和FEV1/FVC水平,及炎症因子指标肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-4（IL-4）、干扰素-γ（INF-γ）、血清淀粉样蛋白A（SAA）和半乳糖凝集素-3（Gal-3）水平。结果 治疗后,治疗组临床治疗有效率显著高于对照组（96.25% vs 86.25%,P＜0.05）。治疗后,治疗组症状改善时间及住院时间均短于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组FEV1、FVC与FEV1/FVC水平均高于治疗前（P＜0.05）,且治疗组高于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组TNF-α、IL-4、SAA和Gal-3水平均低于治疗前,而INF-γ水平高于治疗前（P＜0.05）,且治疗组患儿炎症因子指标水平明显好于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 参贝北瓜膏联合丙酸倍氯米松治疗哮喘发作期儿童的临床疗效更高,能够更好的控制炎症反应,改善临床症状。     

Results of Abductor Pollicis Longus Suspension Ligamentoplasty for Treatment of Advanced First Carpometacarpal Arthritis

Background

Suspension ligamentoplasty using abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon without bone tunneling, was introduced as one of the techniques for treatment of advanced first carpometacarpal (CMC) arthritis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiologic and clinical results of APL suspension ligamentoplasty.

Methods

The medical records of 19 patients who underwent APL suspension ligamentoplasty for advanced first CMC arthritis between January 2008 and May 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. The study included 13 female and 6 male patients, whose mean age was 62 years (range, 43 to 82 years). For clinical evaluation, we assessed the grip and pinch power, radial and volar abduction angle, thumb adduction (modified Kapandji index), including visual analogue scale (VAS) and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. Radiologic evaluation was performed using simple radiographs.

Results

The mean follow-up was 36 months (range, 19 to 73.7 months). Mean power improved from 18.3 to 27 kg for grip power, from 2.8 to 3.5 kg for tip pinch, and from 4.3 to 5.4 kg for power pinch. All patients showed decreased VAS from 7.2 to 1.7. Radial abduction improved from 71° preoperatively to 82° postoperatively. The modified Kapandji index showed improvement from 6 to 7.3, and mean DASH was improved from 41 to 17.8. The height of the space decreased from 10.8 to 7.1 mm. Only one case had a complication involving temporary sensory loss of the first dorsal web space, which resolved spontaneously.

Conclusions

The APL suspension ligamentoplasty for treatment of advanced first CMC arthritis yielded satisfactory functional results.     

不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响

目的观察不同剂量右美托咪定对视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时心血管反应的影响。方法择期气管插管全麻手术患者90例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,MallampatiⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为三组,D1组:右美托咪定0.8μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg;D2组:右美托咪定1.0μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg和D3组:右美托咪定1.2μg/kg+瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg。插管前15min三组患者分别按上述剂量缓慢静脉泵注右美托咪定(10min泵注完毕),插管前90s快速静注瑞芬太尼,并在气管完善表面麻醉的基础上,行视频喉镜插管。记录入室后安静10min(基础值,T0)、喉镜置入前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)时HR、MAP及Ramsay镇静评分;并记录插管时间、气管插管过程中躁动、呛咳、呼吸抑制、心血管不良反应的发生情况;术后随访患者对气管插管过程的知晓情况。结果 T1时三组HR明显慢于、MAP明显低于T0时(P0.05);T2时D1组HR明显快于、MAP明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。T1、T2时D1组Ramsay镇静评分明显低于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D1组高血压、心动过速、躁动、呛咳等不良反应的发生率明显高于D2、D3组(P0.05)。D3组心动过缓、呼吸抑制发生率明显高于D1、D2组(P0.05)。结论在完善的气道表面麻醉基础上,右美托咪定1μg/kg复合瑞芬太尼0.5μg/kg可以明显抑制视频喉镜清醒镇静插管时的心血管反应,并且不良反应少,是较为合理的临床用药剂量。     

Hipertensión arterial en el paciente quirúrgico. Adecuación de la medicación y criterios de suspensión

Arterial hypertension (AHT) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which may have an impact on perioperative complications, depending on the organ damage suffered by the patient. The perioperative management of treatment of arterial hypertension, is a mainstay in the preoperative assesment prior to any intervention. It doesn’t seem reasonable to delay surgery solely due to blood pressure values, although for patients with BP > 180/110 mmHg, the decision to perform scheduled surgeries should be carefully assessed.