Effects of a projector-based hybrid virtual reality on pain in young children with burn injuries during hydrotherapy sessions: A within-subject randomized crossover trial

AimThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of a water-friendly Projector-Based Hybrid Virtual Reality (VR) dome environment combined with standard pharmacological treatment on pain in young children undergoing burn wound care in hydrotherapy.MethodsThis study was a prospective, within-subject crossover trial of 38 children aged 6 months to 7 years old (mean age = 1.8 years old). Each hydrotherapy procedure was divided into two equivalent wound care segments (No hybrid VR during one segment vs. Hybrid VR during the other segment, treatment order was randomized). Pain was measured using the 0–10 FLACC (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry Consolability scale) and the 0–10 NRS-obs (Numerical Rating Scale-obs).ResultsProjector-Based Hybrid VR significantly reduced procedural pain levels measured by the FLACC (p = 0.026) and significantly increased patients' comfort levels (p = 0.002). Patients' pain levels rated by the nurses using the NRS-obs were non-significant between both groups (p = 0.135). No side effects were reported.ConclusionProjector-Based Hybrid VR helped in reducing the pain related to hydrotherapy procedures in young children with burn wound injuries. This is the first study using virtual reality distraction with young children, and our findings are especially important because a large percentage of pediatric burn patients are very young. Additional research and development are recommended.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02986464, registered on June 12, 2016.     

Uso de hidrato de cloral a dosis única de 70 mg/kg como hipnótico en resonancia magnética nuclear. Estudio prospectivo de 3.132 casos

ObjectiveTo assess the mean time to hypnosis, hemodynamic stability, and incidence of complications associated with the administration of 70 mg/kg oral chloral hydrate in children scheduled for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Material and methodsProspective study conducted from January 2000 to January 2020 in which 3,132 patients aged between one day and 5 years underwent MRI under anaesthesia in an outpatient setting. The study population was divided into 4 subgroups: A) aged between one and 30 days; B) aged between one month and one year; C) aged between one and 3 years, and D) aged between 3 and 5 years. Study variables were: sex, age, type of examination, mean imaging time, mean time to awakening, heart rate before and after MRI, SatO₂, and incidence of complications such as respiratory depression (SatO₂ below 90%), agitation during the MRI or on awakening (intense crying lasting more than 2 min), prolonged sedation measured on the Steward scale, and nausea and/or vomiting during the MRI, on awakening, or at home.ResultsNo notable hemodynamic alterations were observed. The incidence of desaturation was 0.41%, awakening during the test was 0.16%, prolonged sedation was 1.08%, and agitated awakening was 1.46%. Nausea and vomiting at the end of the test had an incidence of 0.73%. The P value in all cases was < .05%.ConclusionsChloral hydrate at a dose of 70 mg/kg continues to be suitable in sedation lasting no more than one hour for non-invasive procedures in children, and is associated with adequate haemodynamic stability with practically no side effects.     

不同剂量右美托咪定镇静程度及顺行性遗忘作用研究

目的 观察不同剂量右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)对下腹部手术患者术中镇静程度及顺行性遗忘作用的影响. 方法 选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄20岁～60岁,在腰麻硬脊膜外联合阻滞麻醉下复合Dex行下腹部手术(剖宫产术除外)的患者200例,其中男101例,女99例.采用随机数字表法进行分组,根据给予生理盐水或Dex维持剂量的不同分为4组(每组50例):生理盐水组(De0组)、0.2 μg·kg1·h-1组(De1组)、0.4 μg· kf-1·h-1组(De2组)、0.6 μg· kg-1·h-1组(De3组).采用改良警觉/镇静观察评分(observer's assessment of alertness/sedation,OAA/S)法,观察Dex泵入后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2)、15 min (T3)、20 min(T4)、25 min(T5)、30 min(T6)、40 min(T7)和50 min(T8)各时间点患者镇静程度及术后24 h顺行性遗忘情况. 结果 De0组各时间点的OAMS法评分均为(5.00±0)分,De1组、De2组、De3组随着时间的延长,泵入Dex剂量的逐渐增大,OAMS评分逐渐减小(P＜0.05):De1组T2～T8评分依次为(3.15±0.37)、(3.26±0.44)、(2.70±0.66)、(2.55±0.60)、(2.40±0.60)、(2.05±0.76)、(2.02±0.73)分;De2组T2～T8评分依次为(3.10±0.64)、(2.95±0.51)、(2.35±0.67)、(2.25±0.55)、(2.10±0.45)、(1.60±0.50)、(1.65±0.49)分;De3组T2～Ts评分依次为(3.10±0.31)、(2.65±0.49)、(1.95±0.39)、(1.90±0.45)、(1.75±0.44)、(1.20±0.62)、(1.25±0.64)分.De0组无遗忘病例为50例;De1组、De2组、De3组无遗忘病例明显减少(P＜0.05):De1组完全遗忘4例,部分遗忘35例,无遗忘11例;De2组完全遗忘15例,部分遗忘29例,无遗忘6例;De3组完全遗忘29例,部分遗忘19例,无遗忘2例. 结论 Dex具有良好的镇静以及一定的顺行性遗忘作用,且呈剂量依赖性.     

不同镇静药对口腔颌面外科术后留置气管导管患者的镇静作用

目的: 探讨不同镇静药对口腔颌面外科术后留置经鼻腔气管导管患者的镇静作用及其可能的不良反应。方法: 将60例口腔颌面外科术后留置经鼻腔气管导管患者按随机数字表法为3组,每组20例。患者入ICU后,各组患者均采用氢吗啡酮镇痛,分别采用咪达唑仑、丙泊酚和右美托咪定镇静,分别记录入ICU镇静前(T₀)和镇静开始后30 min(T₁)、1 h(T₂)、2 h(T₃)、6 h(T₄)、12 h(T₅)和拔管后10 min(T₆)各时间点Ramsay镇静评分和BPS镇痛评分以及生命体征;记录各组患者不良反应发生率。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 咪达唑仑、右美托咪定和丙泊酚Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在T₃、T₄、T₅时,右美托咪定组BPS评分均显著低于咪达唑仑组和丙泊酚组(P<0.05)。3组患者低血压发生率差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);心动过缓发生率右美托咪定组显著高于与丙泊酚和咪达唑仑组(P<0.05);右美托咪定组和丙泊酚组患者并发躁动的人数显著低于咪达唑仑组(P<0.05)。结论: 右美托咪定和咪达唑仑、丙泊酚均能满足ICU患者的镇静需要,且右美托咪定具有一定的镇痛作用,可减少ICU患者躁动发生率。     

未诊断的淋巴瘤患儿镇静后发生严重呼吸困难1例

由麻醉医生参与的小儿镇静效果好, 安全性高, 但风险仍较大。本文报道四川大学华西第二医院2022年7月1例因颈部包块待诊, 行颈部增强CT检查, 给予吸入麻醉后发生严重呼吸困难, 进行气管插管抢救的病例。     

Propofol‐cetamina versus dexmedetomidina‐cetamina para sedação durante endoscopia digestiva alta em pacientes pediátricos: estudo clínico randomizado

Background and objectivesDay‐case pediatric sedation is challenging. Dexmedetomidine is a sedative analgesic that does not induce respiratory depression. We compared dexmedetomidine to propofol when it was added to ketamine for sedation during pediatric endoscopy, regarding recovery time and hemodynamic changes.MethodsWe enrolled 120 patients (2−7 years in age) and randomly assigned them into two groups. Each patient received intravenous (IV) ketamine at a dose of 1 mg.kg^‐1 in addition to either propofol (1 mg.kg^‐1) or dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg.kg^‐1). The recovery time was compared. Hemodynamics, oxygen saturation, need for additional doses, postoperative complications and endoscopist satisfaction were monitored.ResultsThere was no significant difference in hemodynamics between the groups. The Propofol‐Ketamine (P‐K) group showed significantly shorter recovery times than the Dexmedetomidine‐Ketamine (D‐K) group (21.25 and 29.75 minutes respectively, p < 0.001). The P‐K group showed more oxygen desaturation. Eleven and six patients experienced SpO₂ < 92% in groups P‐K and D‐K, respectively. A significant difference was noted regarding the need for additional doses; 10% of patients in the D‐K group needed one extra dose, and 5% needed two extra doses, compared to 25% and 20% in the P‐K group, respectively (p = 0.001). The P‐K group showed less post‐procedure nausea and vomiting. No statistically significant difference between both groups regarding endoscopist satisfaction.ConclusionsThe P‐K combination was associated with a shorter recovery time in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, while the D‐K combination showed less need for additional doses.Registration numberClinical trials.gov (NCT02863861).     

超声引导腹横肌平面阻滞复合右美托咪定对老年腹股沟斜疝手术患者麻醉效果的影响

目的探讨超声引导腹横肌平面阻滞（TAPB）复合右美托咪定（DEX）对老年腹股沟斜疝手术患者麻醉效果的影响。 方法选取2017年3月至2018年9月河北省沧州中西医结合医院收治的44例老年腹股沟斜疝手术患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组（22例）和观察组（22例）,2组均行平片无张力疝修补术,其中对照组术中给予局部浸润麻醉,观察组术中给予TAPB复合DEX麻醉。比较2组麻醉效果及麻醉起效、持续时间;对比2组麻醉后2 h的神经阻滞、镇痛及镇静评分;统计2组治疗期间的不良反应发率。 结果观察组总有效率为95.45%,高于对照组的77.27%（P<0.05）。观察组感觉神经阻滞、运动神经阻滞起效时间均短于对照组,维持时间均长于对照组（P<0.05）。麻醉后2 h,2组Bromage、Ramsay评分比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）;观察组Prince-Henry评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组不良反应发生率为9.09%,低于对照组的36.36%（P<0.05）。 结论TAPB复合DEX对老年腹股沟斜疝手术患者镇痛作用较好,可提高其麻醉效果,且具有较高安全性。