Resistant Starch Content in Foods Commonly Consumed in the United States: A Narrative Review

Resistant starch (RS; types 1 to 5) cannot be digested in the small intestine and thus enters the colon intact, with some types capable of being fermented by gut microbes. As a fiber, types 1, 2, 3, and 5 are found naturally in foods, while types 2, 3, and 4 can be added to foods as a functional ingredient. This narrative review identifies RS content in whole foods commonly consumed in the United States. Scientific databases (n=3) were searched by two independent researchers. Ninety-four peer-reviewed articles published between 1982 and September 2018 were selected in which the RS was quantified and the food preparation method before analysis was suitable for consumption. The RS from each food item was adjusted for moisture if the RS value was provided as percent dry weight. Each food item was entered into a database according to food category, where the weighted mean±weighted standard deviation was calculated. The range of RS values and overall sample size for each food category were identified. Breads, breakfast cereals, snack foods, bananas and plantains, grains, pasta, rice, legumes, and potatoes contain RS. Foods that have been cooked then chilled have higher RS than cooked foods. Foods with higher amylose concentrations have higher RS than native varieties. The data from this database will serve as a resource for health practitioners to educate and support patients and clients interested in increasing their intake of RS-rich foods and for researchers to formulate dietary interventions with RS foods and examine associated health outcomes.     

Mechanical Retention and Waterproof Properties of Bacterial Cellulose-Reinforced Thermoplastic Starch Biocomposites Modified with Sodium Hexametaphosphate

The waterproof and strength retention properties of bacterial cellulose (BC)-reinforced thermoplastic starch (TPS) resins were successfully improved by reacting with sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). After modification with SHMP, the tensile strength (σ_f) and impact strength (I_s) values of initial and conditioned BC-reinforced TPS, modified with varying amounts of SHMP(TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02SHMP_x), and their blends with poly(lactic acid)((TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02SHMP_x)₇₅PLA₂₅) specimens improved significantly and reached a maximal value as SHMP content approached 10 parts per hundred parts of TPS resin (phr), while their moisture content and elongation at break (ɛ_f) was reduced to a minimal value as SHMP contents approached 10 phr. The σ_f, I_s and ɛ_f retention values of a (TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02SHMP₁₀)₇₅PLA₂₅ specimen conditioned for 56 days are 52%, 50% and 3 times its initial σ_f, I_s and ɛ_f values, respectively, which are 32.5 times, 8.9 times and 40% of those of a corresponding conditioned TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02 specimen, respectively. As evidenced by FTIR analyses of TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02SHMP_x specimens, hydroxyl groups of TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02 resins were successfully reacted with the phosphate groups of SHMP molecules. New melting endotherms and diffraction peaks of V_H-type crystals were found on DSC thermograms and WAXD patterns of TPS or TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02 specimens conditioned for 7 days, while no new melting endotherm or diffraction peak was found for TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02SHMP_x and/or (TPS₁₀₀BC_0.02SHMP_x)₇₅PLA₂₅ specimens conditioned for less than 14 and 28 days, respectively.     

Preparation and characterization of co-processed starch/MCC/chitin hydrophilic polymers onto magnesium silicate

It was aimed to investigate the compressibility, compactibility, powder flow and tablet disintegration of a new excipient comprising magnesium (Mg) silicate co-processed (5%–85% w/w) onto chitin, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and starch as the hydrophilic polymers of interest. Initially, the mechanism of tablet disintegration was studied by measuring water infiltration rate, moisture sorption, swelling capacity and hydration ability. Moreover, the powders compression behavior was carried out by applying Kawakita model of compression analysis in addition to porosity and radial tensile strength measurements. In vitro drug release of compacts made of 400?mg ibuprofen and 300?mg of the hydrophilic polymers containing 30% w/w Mg silicate co-precipitate was investigated in phosphate buffer (pH 7.8). This work demonstrated that the incorporation of Mg silicate to the hydrophilic polymers lead to the improvement of powder flowability, compactibility, stability (with regard to storage conditions), compacts crushing strength, and disintegration time in addition to faster drug release. The overall findings are practically advantageous in the context of finding a low cost and multifunctional co-processed excipient of natural origins.     

Synthesis and evaluation of the structural and physicochemical properties of carboxymethyl pregelatinized starch as a pharmaceutical excipient

A pregelatinized starch (PGS) was derivatized with sodium chloroacetate (SCA) in alcoholic medium under alkaline condition to produce carboxymethyl pregelatinized starch (CMPGS) with various degrees of substitution (DS). Influence of the molar ratio of SCA to the glucopyranose units (SCA/GU), reaction time, temperature and the amount of sodium hydroxide on the degree of substitution (DS) and the reaction efficiency (RE) was studied. An optimal concentration of 30% of NaOH, for a reaction time of 1 h at 50 °C and molar ratio (SCA/GU) equal to 1.0, yielded an optimal DS of 0.55 and a RE of 55%. SEM micrographs revealed that the carboxymethylation assigned the structural arrangement of CMPGS and caused the granular disintegration. Wide angle diffraction X-ray (XRD) showed that the crystallinity of starch was obviously varied after carboxymethylation. New bands in FTIR spectra at 1417 and 1603 cm⁻¹ indicated the presence of carboxymethyl groups. The solubility and viscosity of CMPGS increased with an increase in the degree of modification. In order to investigate the influence of DS on physical and drug release properties, CMPGS obtained with DS in the range of 0.12–0.55 was evaluated as tablet excipient for sustained drug release. Dissolution tests performed in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), with Ibuprofen as drug model (25% loading) showed that CMPGS seems suitable to be used as sustained release excipient since the drug release was driven over a period up to 8 h. The in vitro release kinetics studies revealed that all formulations fit well with Korsmeyer-Peppas model and the mechanism of drug release is non-Fickian diffusion.     

Effects of dietary consistency and water content on parotid amylase secretion and gastric starch digestion in rats

The aim was to estimate the significance of oral sensation and mastication in inducing amylase secretion from the parotid gland and subsequent starch digestion in the stomach. Rats were fed three diets of similar chemical composition but different physical presentations. Two were solid, either pellets or powder, and one was liquid. Oral sensory activity would be greatest with the pellets and least with the liquid. Only the pellets would require significant mastication. Three criteria were used to estimate amylase secretion, amylase activity in the stomach, the depletion of glandular amylase activity and plasma amylase concentrations. Gastric starch digestion was estimated by measuring the concentration of reducing-sugars in the stomach contents. Parotid amylase secretion and gastric starch digestion were similar whether rats were fed pelleted or powdered solid food but much lower in rats fed a liquid diet. These findings support the view that it is the contact of dry food with the oral mucosa rather than the jaw movements involved in mastication that stimulates parotid amylase secretion.     

高容血液稀释对正颌外科病人血液动力学和凝血功能的影响

目的 探讨术前急性高容量血液稀释对正颌外科病人血液动力学和凝血功能的影响，评估该方法临床应用的价值。方法 选择择期行正颌外科双颔手术的病人40例，随机分为ABCD四组，每组10例。A为贺斯实验组。术前输注6％羟乙基淀粉和乳酸林格液各占总量1／2，行急性高容血液稀释；B为贺斯对照组，用6％羟乙基淀粉和乳酸林格液补充术中丢失血液和体液；C为佳乐施实验组，术前输注4％琥珀酰明胶和乳酸林格液各占总量1／2，行急性高容血液稀释；D为佳乐施对照组，用4％琥珀酰明胶和乳酸林格液补充术中丢失血液和体液。四组病例术中均采用硝普钠控制性降压，平均动脉压（MAP）控制在50～60mmHg。实验组在插管后稀释前即刘（T0），稀释后手术开始前即刻（T1），手术结束即刻（T2），术后第一日8AM（T3）时；对照组在手术开始前即刻（T1），手术结束即刘（T2），术后第一日8AM（T3）时，记录RBC、HBG、HCT及凝血指标的变化，以及血液动力学的变化。结果 MAP：A、C组T1低于T0（P〈0．01）；T2高于T1（P〈0．01）。HR：A、C组T2高于T0、T1（P〈0．01）。RBC、HGB、HCT和PLT：A、C组T1低于T0（P〈0．01），T3升高超过T1且接近T0。结论 术前急性高容量血液稀释对正颌外科病人血液动力学的稳定影响小，能减少血液的丢失。贺斯与佳乐施两种胶体液均可引起部分凝血指标的改变，但二者均不影响凝血功能。可以作为正颌外科手术选择性应用的一种有效的辅助方法。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定淀粉类药用辅料中22种真菌毒素的含量

目的：建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）测定淀粉类药用辅料中22种真菌毒素含量的分析方法。方法：采用Waters CORTECSUPLCC18色谱柱(1.6μm,2.1×100mm),以0.1%甲酸水溶液和甲醇乙腈（V:V=4:6）混合溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源（ESI）,多反应监测(MRM)模式,正、负离子模式同时扫描,外标法定量。结果：22种真菌毒素在质量浓度为0.2~500μg/L范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数（r2）均大于0.997;检测下限（LOD）为0.1~5μg/kg;平均回收率为80.84%~108.45%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.25%~9.95%;基质效应评价除HT-2有基质减弱效应外,其他成分基质效应不明显。78批样品中检出28批,检出黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2和玉米赤霉烯酮,含量分别为1.06~6.34μg/kg、13.11~23.98μg/kg、15.59~47.77μg/kg和6.12~122.12μg/kg。结论：该方法适用于淀粉类药用辅料中22种真菌毒素的定性定量检测。     

肾衰宁胶囊治疗慢性肾衰竭早中期患者的疗效及对肾功能指标的影响

目的:探讨肾衰宁胶囊治疗早中期慢性肾衰竭(CRF)患者的临床疗效及患者肾功能指标的变化。方法:选取2012年3月至2014年12月本院收治的早中期CRF患者82例,随机分为对照组及观察组,每组41例。对照组在常规治疗的基础上给予包醛氧淀粉治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合肾衰宁胶囊治疗,2个月为1个疗程,2组患者均连续治疗2个疗程。统计2组患者临床疗效及主要临床症状积分,检测治疗前后2组患者Hb、Alb、24 h UPQ及UA的变化;比较治疗前后2组患者肾功能指标。结果:观察组临床总有效率为85.37%,较对照组的46.34%显著提高(P0.01);与治疗前比较,治疗后对照组仅食少纳呆及肢体麻木积分明显降低,而观察组面色晦暗、食少纳呆、倦怠乏力、腰膝酸软、肢体麻木及口淡不渴积分均明显降低,且显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);与治疗前比较,治疗后对照组Hb、Alb含量明显降低,而观察组无显著变化,且显著高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);2组患者24 h UPQ及观察组Cys-C、BUN、Scr水平均显著降低,且观察组上述指标均明显低于对照组(P0.01);观察组Ccr明显升高,且明显高于对照组(P0.05或P0.01);2组患者UA含量均无显著变化(P0.05)。结论:肾衰宁胶囊可明显改善早中期CRF患者主要临床症状,阻碍CRF进展,还可调节患者肾脏血流循环,促进患者肾功能恢复,疗效显著优于常规治疗。     

羟乙基淀粉溶液在复苏肠缺血再灌注休克中的作用

目的　比较不同剂量羟乙基淀粉溶液 ( HES)对兔肠缺血再灌注损伤所致休克的复苏作用。方法　 32只新西兰白兔随机分为 4组 :模型对照、乳酸林格液复苏组 ( L RS,2 0 m l· kg- 1 · h- 1 ) ,小剂量 HES复苏组 ( HES2 ml· kg- 1· h- 1 L RS18m l· kg- 1· h- 1 ) ,大剂量 HES复苏组 ( HES2 0 ml· kg- 1· h- 1 )。采用肠系膜上动脉夹闭 6 0 m in后松夹行再灌注制备肠缺血再灌注休克模型 ,松夹再灌注时同步进行液体复苏。观测各时间点的血流动力学参数 (平均动脉压、心率、心排血量、肠系膜上动脉血流 ) ,并通过测定肠黏膜CO2 分压和动脉血 CO2 分压的差值 (动脉二氧化碳间隙 )、肠黏膜 p H值、动脉血乳酸浓度和氧输送等指标间接评估组织氧合情况。实验结束后累计动物死亡数。结果　 HES能明显提高肠缺血再灌注休克时的血流动力学参数 ,与对照组和 L RS组比较差异均有显著性 ( P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;小剂量 HES比大剂量 HES改善血流动力学参数的作用更平稳 ( P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,且较其他 3组能明显降低血乳酸浓度和动脉二氧化碳间隙 ,减轻 p Hi的降低 ( P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;而大剂量 HES对上述参数的影响不明显 ,并可见动物口鼻出血及死亡 ;小剂量或大剂量HES与其他两组比较均能使氧输送回升 ( P均 <0 .0 5 )。结     

羟乙基淀粉联合呋塞米治疗小儿肾病综合征合并重度水肿的临床研究

目的探讨使用羟乙基淀粉联合呋塞米治疗小儿肾病综合征的临床效果与护理要点。方法将肾内科2015年3月至2016年3月收治的50例肾病综合征出现重度水肿的患儿,按照治疗先后顺序将其分为试验组(25例)与对照组(25例),试验组使用羟乙基淀粉联合呋塞米治疗,对照组采用右旋糖酐治疗。观察两组临床疗效,并总结护理要点。结果对照组有效率为48.0%,试验组有效率为80.0%,试验组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组在知识宣传、用药、皮肤清洁、饮食指导及并发症预防等方面评分较试验组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对出现肾病综合征合并严重水肿的患儿,临床用药选择羟乙基淀粉联合使用呋塞米加速排尿,并对患儿进行多方面护理,大部分患儿家属对临床服务感到满意且患儿临床治疗效果较好。