Determinantes sociales de la salud de distintos niveles por género: educación y hogar en España

Objective

To explore from a gender perspective the association with subjective health of the interaction between education and household arrangements within the framework of social determinants of health placed at the micro and mezzo levels.

Gender ratio of migraine without aura: observations over time

Abstract Migraine without aura is typically considered a female condition. The purpose of this study was to determine if there have been any changes in the female-to-male ratio of the disease over time. We included in the study all patients with migraine without aura (n=3457) referred to the Parma University Headache Centre between 1976 and 1995. They were divided into subgroups with respect to gender and year-range of onset of migraine (before 1960, in the 1960s, in the 1970s, in the 1980s, and between 1990 and 1995). Gender ratio ranged from 3.6:1 (in patients with onset before 1960) to 2.8:1 (in patients with onset in the 1980s), with no statistically significant changes during the observation period.     

肥胖与胆石病的多因素条件Logistic回归分析

目的探讨肥胖与结石病发病的关系。方法采用调查表的方式对1997年住院手术确诊为结石病的病人进行回顾性调查，内容包括：年龄、性别、体重、身高、是否吃早餐。对调查表进行多因素logstic统计分析。结果分析结果表明我们调查了我院102例结石病患者和101名正常人发现肥胖、女性、不经常吃早餐、饮用高硬度的水均是结石病的危险因紊，对那些长时间不吃早餐的人更容易患结石病，（相对危险度OR〉40．139）。结论我们建议今后应注意膳食营养的均衡，保持标准体重，饮用卫生水。     

The estrous cycle affects cocaine self-administration on a progressive ratio schedule in rats

Although it has been demonstrated that many of the behavioral responses to psychomotor stimulants are gender dependent and hormonally sensitive, few studies have examined the possibility that the estrous cycle interacts with drug reinforcement in laboratory animals. The present experiment assessed the effect of the estrous cycle on two aspects of cocaine self-administration behavior: the breaking point on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule and the rate of cocaine intake on a fixed ratio one (FR1) schedule. On the PR schedule, the first lever response produced a drug infusion. Subsequent response requirements escalated with each injection until the behavior extinguished. Breaking points were defined as the final ratio completed. On a FR1 schedule, the estrous cycle had no effect on the rate of drug intake. On a PR schedule, female rats reached higher breaking points during estrus than during other stages of the estrous cycle. Furthermore, female rats displayed higher breaking points than male rats. It appears that the estrous cycle influences an animal's motivation to self-administer cocaine.     

Perceptions of the at-risk nonsmoker: are potential intervention topics being overlooked?

This research is supported in part by Arizona Disease Control and Research Commission (ADCRC), Grant #9904 (M. Burgoon, PI). This study assesses how adolescent nonsmokers, at-risk smokers, and smokers differ in perceptions of smoking harms, benefits, and safety. While small differences exist when comparing attitudes and knowledge concerning short- and long-term benefits of smoking, large differences arise when attitudes and knowledge concerning the short-term benefits and the safety of casual smoking are compared.     

Trends of youth suicide in Europe during the 1980s and 1990s – gender differences and implications for prevention

Youth suicide constitutes a considerable public health problem in many European countries. Suicide mortality in adolescents and young adults has increased during the 1980s and 1990s in several European countries and predominantly in young males. This paper summarises the international discussion on potential reasons for these trends, including changes in ascertainment practices, in the prevalence of psychopathology (mainly depression and substance abuse), in psychosocial and socio-economic conditions and in the methods chosen for suicidal behaviour. Potential reasons for the gender differences in trends are scrutinised.     

Gender-specific symptoms of depression and anger attacks

Depression is a serious and potentially life-threatening mental illness, which does not only lead to personal suffering but also impairs social functioning and has a significant socioeconomic effect. Epidemiological studies have found a life-time prevalence of up to 17% in the general population and death due to suicides of up to 15%. As women have a two-fold higher prevalence for depressive disorder, it is noteworthy that suicide rates are consistently higher for men. Previous studies have suggested that mainly men suffer from a specific irritable depressive syndrome, which is characterized by lowered impulse control, symptomatic substance abuse, an increased readiness to take risks, and anger attacks, which present as sudden spells of inappropriate anger with vegetative hyperarousal. This article reviews gender-specific aspects of depressive disorder focussing on anger attacks and their clinical management.     

Not an equal opportunity disease – a sex and gender-based review of colorectal cancer in men and women: Part II

This paper reviews the literature on colorectal cancer from a sex and gender-based perspective. Colorectal cancer is a major cause of death in the developed world, with rates increasing in developing countries. Although described by some writers as an ‘equal opportunity’ disease, it presents more risk to men than women. Both biological, or sex-linked factors, and gender-linked factors play a part in the aetiology of the disease, while gender differences in the use of screening and treatment also help shape the mortality gap between women and men for this condition. Without an appreciation of the part played by sex and gender in the risk of colorectal cancer, and without a gender-sensitive approach to screening in particular, it is possible that the mortality gap between men and women for this condition will widen in the future.