血清总胆汁酸测定在胆石症诊治中的应用

目的：探讨胆汁酸（ＴＢＡ）测定在胆石症诊治中的应用价值。方法：酶法测定１０７例胆石症病人和３９例正常人血甭ＴＢＡ,并与ＡＬＴ和ＡＬＰ进行比较分析。结果：与对照组比较,胆石症病人血清ＴＢＡ升高,伴发炎症或胆汁淤积时差异显著：ＴＢＡ在反映胆道炎症和胆汁淤积症方面分别与ＡＬＴ、ＡＬＰ有正相关关系。结论：血清ＴＢＡＩ 胆石症诊治中有一定参考价值。     

Utility of Direct Peroral Cholangioscopy Using a Multibending Ultraslim Endoscope for Difficult Common Bile Duct Stones

Background/AimsTreatment options for difficult bile duct stones are limited. Direct peroral cholangioscopy (POC)-guided lithotripsy may be an option. A newly developed multibending (MB) ultraslim endoscope has several structural features optimized for direct POC. We evaluated the utility of direct POC using an MB ultraslim endoscope for lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones.MethodsTwenty patients with difficult bile duct stones, in whom stone removal using conventional endoscopic methods, including mechanical lithotripsy, had failed were enrolled from March 2018 to August 2019. Direct POC-guided lithotripsy was performed by electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy. The primary outcome was complete ductal clearance, defined as the retrieval of all bile duct stones after lithotripsy confirmed by balloon-occluded cholangiography and/or direct POC.ResultsThe technical success rate of direct POC was 100% (20/20), and the free-hand insertion rate was 95% (19/20). Direct POC-guided lithotripsy, attempted by electrohydraulic lithotripsy in nine patients (45%) and laser lithotripsy in 11 patients (55%), was successful in 95% (19/20) of the patients. Complete ductal clearance after direct POC-guided lithotripsy was achieved in 95% (19/20) of patients. Patients required a median of 2 (range, 1–3) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sessions for complete stone removal. Adverse event was observed in one patient (5%) with hemobilia and was treated conservatively.ConclusionsDirect POC using an MB ultraslim endoscope was safe and effective for lithotripsy in patients with difficult bile duct stones.     

胆囊炎并发胆结石保守疗法与护理配合

老年胆囊疾病患者多数为慢性结石性胆囊炎,该病临床表现无特异性,起病缓慢,大多由急性胆囊炎反复发作迁延而至。由于年岁所限患者多采取保守疗法。如消炎利胆片、舒胆通、等口服药,起到了缓解病情的作用,但难根治。我院内科在治疗上加用了中药制剂,起到了疏肝理气、利胆通腑的药物疗效。同时护理人员注意调节好患者情志,使患者气血调和、气体通畅,加上规律饮食,确保患者及早康复。     

Current trends in imaging evaluation of acute cholecystitis

This study was designed to retrospectively determine recent clinical trends of initial radiological evaluation in patients pathologically proven to have acute cholecystitis (AC) and to assess the methodology that led to its diagnosis. Over a 28-month period, the medical records and imaging studies of 117 consecutive patients who had pathologically confirmed AC were retrospectively analyzed. The sensitivities of ultrasound (US) and hepatobiliary ^99mTc-iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) were computed. The false-negative scans were retrospectively reviewed by a blinded radiologist to determine the limitations and advantages of each modality. The 117 patients were grouped into six categories based on the type of imaging examination they underwent prior to cholecystectomy: initial US evaluation only (n=80, 68.4%), initial US followed by HIDA (n=17, 14.5%), initial HIDA only (n=2, 1.7%), initial HIDA followed by US (n=3, 2.6%), initial CT (n=5, 4.3%), and no imaging evaluation (n=10, 8.6%). HIDA scan had a calculated sensitivity of 90.9% (20 true-positive, 2 false-negative) while US had a sensitivity of 62% (62 true-positive, 38 false-negative). Current practice in the initial radiological evaluation of acute cholecystitis remains outdated. The vast majority of patients in our study group were initially worked up using US, although HIDA scan has been shown to have greater sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.     

胆道结石并发肝内胆管癌风险的Meta分析

目的 明确肝外胆管结石及胆囊结石并发肝内胆管癌(Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)风险,为胆道结石的临床治疗提供参考.方法 计算机检索PubMed、EmBase以及CBM等数据库,查找胆道结石以及胆囊结石并发ICC风险的队列研究或者病例对照研究.应用STATA软件对所获得研究数据行Meta分析,根据研究间异质性选择固定效应模型或者随机效应模型.采用Egger检验评估发表偏倚.结果 共有6篇病例对照研究纳入分析,包括123 713例患者,其中ICC 4 753例,无瘤对照118 960例.Meta分析结果显示,胆管结石为ICC发病的高危因素(OR:17.64,95％ CI:11.14 ～27.95),除外肝内胆管结石,肝外胆管结石导致的ICC发病风险仍较高(OR:11.79,95％ CI:4.17～ 33.35).此外,胆囊结石也是ICC发病危险因素(OR:2.07,95％ CI:1.17 ～3.67).结论 肝外胆管结石与胆囊结石均为ICC发病的重要危险因素.     

The impact of ursodeoxycholic acid on gallstone disease after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials

BackgroundUrsodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a bile acid that has been shown to reduce the formation of gallstones after significant weight loss.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the impact of UDCA on the incidence of gallstones after bariatric surgery.SettingsAn electronic search of PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies (CENTRAL), Scopus (Elsevier) databases, EMBASE, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Web of Science.MethodsA meta-analysis of randomized control trials was performed. The primary outcome was the incidence of gallstones after bariatric surgery. Secondary outcomes included type of operation and time interval to and characteristics associated with gallstone formation.ResultsTen randomized control trials including 2583 patients were included, 1772 patients (68.6%) receiving UDCA and 811 (31.4%) receiving placebo. There was a significant reduction in gallstone formation in patients who received UDCA postoperatively (risk ratio [RR] .36, 95% confidence interval [CI] .22–.41, P < .00001). The overall prevalence of gallstone formation was 24.7% in the control group compared to 7.3% in the UDCA group. A dose of ≤600 mg/day had a significantly reduced risk of gallstone formation compared to the placebo group (risk ratio .35; 95% CI .24–.53; P < .001). The risk reduction was not significant for the higher dose (>600 mg/day) group (risk ratio .30; 95% CI, .09–1.01, P = .05).ConclusionsUDCA significantly reduces the risk of both asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones after bariatric surgery. A dose of 600 mg/day is associated with improved compliance and better outcomes regardless of type of surgery. UDCA should be considered part of a standard postoperative care bundle after bariatric surgery.     

红外光谱分析技术评价MRI对胆囊结石成分预判的研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)检测胆囊结石成分,评价MRI对胆囊结石成分预判的准确性。方法 选取2020 年12月～2021年8月我院100例预行胆囊切除的胆石病患者,另取同期50例无结石患者的MRI做阴性对照。术前行MRI检查,术后取胆囊结石进行FT-IR分析,分析FT-IR图及与MRI的相关性。配对样本计数资料组间比较使用McNemar检验,使用Kappa检验、ROC曲线下面积AUC、灵敏度、特异度和准确度等指标对MRI预判结石成分的准确性进行评估。结果 MRI各序列信号表现与FT-IR对比：McNemar=4.00、P=0.135,Kappa=0.962、P.＜0.05,AUC (95% CI)为0.980(0.943～0.996),准确度为97.33%,灵敏度为96.00%,特异度为100.00%,约登指数为0.96;MRI各序列信号值与FT-IR对比：McNemar=0.20,P=0.655,Kappa=0.953、P＜0.05,AUC (95% CI)为0.975(0.935～0.994),准确度为96.67%,灵敏度为95.00%,特异度为100.00%,约登指数为0.95。结论 MRI可以较准确地预判胆囊结石成分,可为临床诊疗胆石病提供新思路,为胆石病的预防及流行病学研究提供理论基础。     

Spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Introduction

Incidental gallbladder cancer is found in 0.6–2.1% of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones. Patients with Tis or T1a tumours generally undergo no further intervention. However, spilled stones during surgery may have catastrophic consequences. We present a case and suggest aggressive management in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer who had spilled gallstones at surgery.

Case History

A 37-year-old woman underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallstones, during which some stones were spilled into the peritoneal cavity. Subsequent histological examination confirmed incidental pT1a gallbladder cancer. Hepatopancreatobiliary multidisciplinary team discussion agreed on regular six-monthly follow-up. The patient developed recurrent pain two years after surgery. Computed tomography revealed a lesion in segment 6 of the liver. At laparotomy, multiple tumour embedded gallstones were found on the diaphragm. Histological examination showed features (akin to the original pathology) consistent with a metastatic gallbladder tumour.

Conclusions

This case highlights the potential for recurrence of early stage disease resulting from implantation of dysplastic or malignant cells carried through spilled gallstones. It is therefore important to know if stones were spilled during original surgery in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer following a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Aggressive and early surgical management should be considered for these patients.     

快速康复外科理念在腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者护理中的应用及价值

目的 探讨快速康复外科理念在胆结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者护理中的应用效果及价值,旨在为今后临床护理提供参考依据.方法 选取本院2014年4月至2016年2月收治的120例胆结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者为研究对象,采用单双号法将其分为两组,各60例,对照组给予传统常规护理,研究组给予快速康复外科理念护理,观察两组患者术中情况及并发症发生情况.结果 研究组并发症发生率为18.33%明显低于对照组的85.00%(P<0.05);研究组在手术时间、肠道排气时间、下床活动时间、住院时间、出血量及住院总费用均少于对照组(P<0.05).结论 对胆结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者实施快速康复外科理念取得显著效果,值得临床应用与推广.     

Indications and techniques of biliary drainage for acute cholangitis in updated Tokyo Guidelines 2018

The Tokyo Guidelines 2013 (TG13) include new topics in the biliary drainage section. From these topics, we describe the indications and new techniques of biliary drainage for acute cholangitis with videos. Recently, many novel studies and case series have been published across the world, thus TG13 need to be updated regarding the indications and selection of biliary drainage based on published data. Herein, we describe the latest updated TG13 on biliary drainage in acute cholangitis with meta‐analysis. The present study showed that endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage regardless of the use of nasobiliary drainage or biliary stenting, should be selected as the first‐line therapy for acute cholangitis. In acute cholangitis, endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is not routinely required for biliary drainage alone because of the concern of post‐EST bleeding. In case of concomitant bile duct stones, stone removal following EST at a single session may be considered in patients with mild or moderate acute cholangitis except in patients under anticoagulant therapy or with coagulopathy. We recommend the removal of difficult stones at two sessions after drainage in patients with a large stone or multiple stones. In patients with potential coagulopathy, endoscopic papillary dilation can be a better technique than EST for stone removal. Presently, balloon enteroscopy‐assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (BE‐ERCP) is used as the first‐line therapy for biliary drainage in patients with surgically altered anatomy where BE‐ERCP expertise is present. However, the technical success rate is not always high. Thus, several studies have revealed that endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD) can be one of the second‐line therapies in failed BE‐ERCP as an alternative to percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage where EUS‐BD expertise is present.