崇文区健身器材卫生状况调查

目的：了解健身场所健身器材的卫生状况,为制定卫生标准提供依据。方法：随机抽取14家健身场所的健身器材为调查对象,选择营业高峰期间对其健身器材进行检测。结果：健身俱乐部的健身器材微生物污染程度高于健身附属场所,大型健身场所微生物污染程度明显高于中型、小型场所,操厅的微生物污染相对于有氧区、力量区严重,健身器材中以扶杆、健身球、形体垫子及力量机的微生物污染最为严重。结论：健身器材的微生物污染严重,从业人员缺乏卫生消毒知识,应尽早将健身场所纳入《公共场所卫生管理条例》管理范畴,并制定相应的国家卫生标准,加强对从业人员的卫生宣教,从而有效改善健身器材卫生状况。     

麻醉机呼吸环路碱石灰尘埃污染的情况

目的：观察通气时碱石灰尘埃向呼吸环路中的排放及被呼吸道阻留的情况。方法：麻醉机环路连接集尘袋及筛装新碱石灰。ＪＴ库尔特颗粒计数仪动态测定排尘量。其颗粒测量范围为１～１２５μｍ３，通气１０分后测定呼吸环路加集尘袋内的尘埃量即为总尘量，收取称干重得尘埃分散度。通过对Ｎａｒ－ｃｏｍｅｄ、Ｄｒａｇｅｒ、Ｓｕｌａｒ８０８和１０３麻醉机行上述测量后，另以前者（Ｎ机）为例，其环路按相应处理分干燥、湿化和过滤三组，志愿者模拟通气１０分测定环路含尘量后与总尘量差得气管肺的阻留量。结果：四种麻醉机环路内碱石灰尘埃的分散度达１３ｍｇ／ｍ３以上。尘埃排放量与通气时间呈正比（ｒ＝０．９５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｎ机干燥组中总排尘量的半数以上被气管肺阻留。湿化组该阻留量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），而过滤组环路内总排尘量和气管肺阻流量下降更为显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：使用新碱石灰通气时，麻醉机环路内存在严重的尘埃污染，环路内湿化有一定的防尘作用，但以滤过处理效佳。     

放射性药品生产单位雾化固定高浓度131I放射性气溶胶的初步研究

目的 验证雾化固定技术用于控制高浓度¹³¹I气溶胶的可行性。方法 对国内某放射性药品生产单位操作¹³¹I的手套箱内高浓度¹³¹I气溶胶实施雾化固定。测量箱式内¹³¹I气溶胶浓度,进行结果分析。结果 手套箱内（289 ±9） DAC和（304 ±6） DAC的¹³¹I气溶胶,固定处理120 min后,气溶胶浓度分别降至（21.7 ±2.0） DAC和（26.2 ±1.8） DAC;手套箱内（259 ±10） DAC的¹³¹I气溶胶,固定处理180 min后,气溶胶降至（1.80 ±0.18） DAC;固定完成24 h后检测结果表明,没有发生气溶胶再悬浮。结论 雾化固定技术可以在较短时间内有效控制有限空间内¹³¹I气溶胶浓度,降低工作人员内照射风险,可用于放射性药品生产单位作为处理高浓度¹³¹I气溶胶的应急管理办法。     

2017年-2018年临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染调查分析

目的调查临沂市2017年-2018年常见食品中铅、镉、汞等重金属和砷的污染现状。方法按照国家标准检测方法检测食品中铅、镉、汞、砷的含量,并对检测结果评价。结果检测食品575份,共检测铅、镉、汞、砷2 285项次,检出铅、镉、汞、砷114项次,总检出率为4.98%,超标8项次,总超标率为0.35%。各监测项目中超标率从高到低依次为铅、镉、汞、砷,各类监测食品中,检出率从高到低依次为茶叶、豆类、蔬菜、水果,其余未检出。共检测食品中铅样品560份,5份超标样品,超标率为0.89%,其中豆类样品超标率最高,为3.00%;共检测食品中镉样品575份,3份超标样品,超标率为0.52%,其中豆类样品超标率最高,为1.00%;共检测食品中汞、砷样品575份,均未超标。结论临沂市常见食品中重金属和砷的污染程度较低,但仍存在一定程度的重金属污染,应引起关注并加强监管。     

Detection of contamination with antineoplastic agents in a hospital pharmacy department

The contamination with fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate was studied in a hospital pharmacy department where these drugs were prepared. In the preparation room, air samples were taken before and during preparation of the drugs. Methotrexate was detected in one sample which was collected during preparation (0.3g/m³). Spot samples were taken in the vertical laminar airflow safety hood before and after preparation of the drugs and after cleaning of the hood. Contamination of the laminar airflow hood was: cyclophosphamide: 1–160 ng/cm²; fluorouracil: 10–62 ng/cm² and methotrexate: 2–633 ng/cm². Spot samples from the floor in front of and beneath the laminar airflow hood showed contamination with especially fluorouracil (48–236g/m²). The gloves used during preparation of the drugs were contaminated mainly with fluorouracil (5–980 ng/cm²). Urine samples from two workers involved in the preparation of the drugs were analysed for unmetabolized cyclophosphamide; it was not detected. Although no uptake of cyclophosphamide was established, it is shown that the methods for measurement of cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and methotrexate in the preparation room are applicable for the control of occupational exposure to these drugs.     

扬州市2002-2003食源性致病菌监测研究

〔目的〕了解本市食品中沙门菌、EHECO157∶H7、单增李斯特菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副溶血性弧菌、空肠弯曲菌的污染状况 ,初步确定易受污染的食品 ,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据。〔方法〕采集 6大类食品 ,按国标及相关方法进行上述 6种致病菌进行分离、生化及血清学鉴定 ,并对部分检出沙门的样品进行了沙门菌的定量计数。〔结果〕45 0件样品中共检出致病菌 3 8株 ,总检出率为 8.4% ,其中沙门菌 10株 ,检出率为 2 .2 % ;沙门菌定量计数 ,含菌量最高达15 0cfu/g ,最低为 <5 0cfu/g。单增李斯特菌 2 1株 ,检出率为 4.7% ;金黄色葡萄球菌 6株 ,检出率为 1.3 % ;副溶血性弧菌 1株 ,检出率为 0 .2 2 %。 40件检测空肠弯曲菌生肉样品中检出空肠弯曲菌 3株。末检出EHECO157∶H7。〔结论〕沙门菌主要污染生肉制品 ,单增李斯特氏菌主要污染散装熟食制品 ,而金黄色葡萄球菌则主要污染生奶样品。空肠弯曲菌在生肉制品中存在一定程度的污染。EHECO157∶H7尚末检出。进一步加强生肉制品、散装熟食的食品卫生管理 ,对减少本市食源性疾病有一定意义     

The use of chemical occurrence data at European vs. national level in dietary exposure assessments: A methodological study

A typical EFSA approach to assess dietary exposure is to combine data from national consumption surveys with chemical occurrence data that have been pooled across the EU Member States (pooled approach). This approach was compared to the case where occurrence data were stratified by country and used for food categories where national data were abundant (semi-pooled approach), using cadmium as a case study. Some differences in estimated dietary exposure were observed between the pooled and semi-pooled approach. They were explained by differences, between the national and the European occurrence data, with respect to (1) contamination values and (2) sample proportions of food items classified in the food categories the assessment was based on. The latter aspect highlighted the sensitivity of the approach of directly aggregating monitoring data into food categories. Both the pooled and semi-pooled approach tended to be conservative relative to approaches used at national level. This appears to be attributed to differences in the way the available occurrence data is aggregated. Refinement of the studied methodologies would include a better separation of the food items with high concentration from those with low concentration.     

Asynchronous Testing of 2 Specimen-Diversion Devices to Reduce Blood Culture Contamination: A Single-Site Product Supply Quality Improvement Project

ObjectiveBlood culture contamination above the national threshold has been a consistent clinical issue in the ED setting. Two commercially available devices were examined that divert an initial small volume of the specimen before the collection of blood culture to reduce skin contamination.MethodsProspectively, 2 different blood culture–diversion devices were made available in the unit supplies to ED clinicians at a single site during 2 different periods of time as a follow-up strategy to an ongoing quality improvement project. Blood samples were collected in the emergency department over a period of 16 months. A retrospective record review study was conducted comparing the use of the 2 specimen-diversion devices with no device (control group) for blood culture contamination rates. The main outcome of monthly blood culture contamination per device was tested using a Bayesian Poisson multilevel regression model.ResultsA total of 4030 blood samples were collected and analyzed from November 2017 to February 2019. The model estimated that the mean incidence of contaminated blood draws in the device A group was 0.29 (0.14-0.55) times the incidence of contaminated draws in the control group. The mean incidence of contaminated blood draws in the device B group was 0.23 (0.13-0.37) times the incidence of contaminated draws in the control group, suggesting that initial-diversion methods reduced blood culture contamination.ConclusionInitial specimen–diversion devices supplement present standard phlebotomy protocols to bring down the blood culture contamination rate.